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A beam of light, hitting a surface, generally is partly transmitted and partly reflected. If you want TOTAL transmission, that happens in two special cases: either the surface is the same refractive …

An easily applied lab technique would be to measure a length of tubing, and find its outer diameter with a micrometer, then weigh it. Knowing the density of stainless steel or glass (or whatever) com …

A Geiger tube applies electric field to a gas, in order to make a dielectric breakdown due to avalanche carrier generation. So, the efficiency depends on the gas actually absorbing the radiation and …

The easiest way to measure the energy of a photon, is to make a reaction using the photoelectric effect. The photon hits a surface, knocks out an electron, and the electron can be prevented from carr …

Yes, of course you can do it. The 'accuracy' is from a calibration, after all, and your temperature-difference determination establishes a short-term new calibration. If the apparatus were to have …

Any pulse-counting scheme has a deadtime limitation, so you have an easily predicted nonlinearity for high count rates, in that deadtime. This will be determined by the pulse-measuring algorithm and/o …

No, the amplifier gain does not determine the dead time of a Geiger counter. This is because a Geiger tube discharges the HV supply to which it is attached, before the ionization in the tube is quen …

Quartz is silicon dioxide (SiO2); the crystal form called 'alpha-quartz' is a hexagonal crystal (which you have probably seen, because it is a common and rather attractive mineral). In that crystal …

Materials that seem homogeneous often have internal strains, or voids, or even inclusions. Under stress, rather than uniform deformation (bending), those flaws may undergo brittle fracture, or stret …

Lenses have the potential to gather dust motes, and may have small inclusions or bubbles which would be distracting to see. So, microscope glass elements are all arranged outside the field of sharp f …

Monochromatic X-rays produce electrons from a multiplicity of orbitals, producing a range of electron kinetic energies. One can analyze the outgoing electron energy to produce a spectrum. It's a sp …

According to NISTconstants, as of 2017, $$G = 6.674 08(31) \times 10^{-11} \space {\rm m}^3 {\rm kg}^{-1} {\rm s}^{-2} $$ which means the range is 6.67377 to 6.67439 It's not the easiest measure …

We don't need to separate electrons out in order to observe them. The structure of an atom, as revealed in electron transitions (atomic spectroscopy) is clearly based on orbitals at specific energy l …