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Electron capture on beryllium is a two-body process. Electron capture in proton-proton fusion to deuterium is a three-body process. All of the matrix elements (jargon for, roughly, reaction probabil …

The number reported in your quote is 12%. The other numbers are uncertainties. In general, when two uncertainties are reported separately like this, one is the "statistical" uncertainty and the othe …

Protons are indistinguishable particles; they all have the same mass, exactly. …

Yes. The interior of a proton includes not only virtual quark-antiquark pairs, but virtual photons, virtual electron-positron pairs, and virtual neutrino-antineutrino pairs, for exactly the reasons y …

You are correct that electrons are the majority charge carriers in metallic conductors, which make up most of the current path in a typical electric circuit. But not all conductors are metallic. In pu …

It looks like a typo for $$ \rm \rho^0 + n \to K^+ + \Sigma^- $$ where $\rho^0$ is the uncharged member of the isospin triplet with mass 770 MeV. According to the particle data group, the quark conten …

Electron bombardment of neutral atoms produces X-rays by ionizing the atoms, not by removing the outermost "valence" electrons like you do when you rub a balloon on your hair, but by removing the inne …

Yes, in this case what's meant by "energy" is the kinetic energy $K = (\gamma-1)mc^2$ that the incident particle can transfer to the target system. As you point out, it wouldn't make sense to talk ab …

The mass of the deuteron is less than the mass of two protons. The deuterium atom has mass excess of 13.14 MeV, while a hydrogen atom has mass excess 7.29 MeV. (Source. …

Free neutrons in flight are not deflected by electric fields. Objects which are not deflected by electric fields are electrically neutral. The energy of the strong proton-neutron interaction varies …

A charge distribution spread over the volume of a sphere does not have zero field everywhere. Most texts invite students to prove that the field inside a uniform sphere of charge is linear in the dist …

The electric polarizabilities for the proton and neutron, catalogued for example by the Particle Data Group, are about a thousand times smaller than you would expect from doing dimensional analysis. I …

This is a question that doesn't really have an answer, because you can't really separate the proton's angular momentum into "spin" and "orbital" parts. For electronic systems, you have pretty good qua …

All protons are indistinguishable in their rest frames. A moving proton is entirely the same particle as a stationary one. …

there is still a sense in which the nucleons retain their individual identities Sort of. Don’t forget that nucleons are indistinguishable particles. Your nuclear state must be anti symmetric agains …