Why must this boundary condition be met? (Electromagnetic wave at interface between two mediums)

Question

My textbook says that

The laws of Electromagnetic Theory (Section 3.1) lead to certain requirements that must be met by the fields, and they are referred to as the boundary conditions. Specifically, one of these is that the component of the electric field E that is tangent to the interface must be continuous across it (the same is true for H). In other words, the total tangential component of E on one side of the surface must equal that on the other (Problem 4.37). Thus, since un is the unit vector normal to the interface, regardless of the direction of the electric field within the wavefront, the cross-product of it with Un will be perpendicular to un and therefore tangent to the interface.

So the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves must have their components that are in the plane of the boundary add up in this way:

$$\mathbf{u_{n}}\times\mathbf{E_{i}+u_{n}\times E_{r}=u_{n}\times E_{t}}$$

This is supposed to keep things continuous. I understand that in order for a function to be differentiable it can't have any discontinuities, but it's not clear how that comes into play here. Why the boundary and not at all times? I would super appreciate if someone could just throw a definition or an example that would help to explain how this works.

Answer 1

The continuity conditions for electromagnetic waves are really the boundary forms of the Maxwell equations, and they are obtained from the integral forms of the equations in a procedure similar to how the differential forms are derived $-$ by expressing the laws for a small amperian loop (or gaussian surface) whose size is made to go to zero, except that now it only goes to zero along one direction.

The specific condition you mention comes from the Faraday induction law, $$ \oint_C \mathbf E \cdot \mathrm d\mathbf r = - \frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dt}\iint_S \mathbf B\cdot \mathrm d\mathbf S, $$ when applied to the loop on the left of the image below (taken from this previous question, and then taking the height of the loop to zero. The right-hand side tends to zero, since $\mathbf B(\mathbf r)$ is regular, but $\mathbf E(\mathbf r)$ could have discontinuities at the boundary; asking for the circulation around this infinitesimal loop requires the electric-field component along the boundary to be continuous (thus confining any discontinuities to the normal component).