# Are Cooper pairs (of electrons) entangled?

Does a normal torch emit entangled photons?

where Quantum Journalist says:

Although all the particles of a BEC are in a single quantum state, they are not entangled, but rather the macroscopic wavefunction can be separated as a product state

Can superconductivity be understood to be a result of quantum entanglement?

where Chiral Anomaly says:

The BCS state describing a conventional superconductor is indeed an entangled state, involving a superposition of different numbers of Cooper pairs, each of which involves a superposition of different combinations of paired momenta. An important thing about the BCS state is the specific way in which the electrons are entangled with each other. BCS superconductivity relies on the fact that many Cooper pairs can occupy the same "state," using the word "state" here like the word "orbital" in atomic physics. The particular way in which the electrons are entangled with each other is what makes this possible despite the fact that electrons individually obey the Pauli exclusion principle. But now consider the operator $$B \equiv \sum_{k,s} B(k,s)c^\dagger(k,s)c^\dagger(-k,-s),$$ which is a rough analogue of the operator that creates a Cooper pair. The momenta and spins of the two electrons in this pair are entangled with each other (because the sum cannot be factorized). As a result of this entanglement, we have $$B^n|0\rangle\neq 0$$ even for large $$n\gg 1$$. The individual electrons still obey the Pauli exclusion principle (the operators $$c^\dagger$$ still anticommute with each other), but their entanglement means that plenty of terms in the product still survive even after taking this anticommutativity into account, leaving a nonzero result.

Now in a BEC, a large number of bosons occupy the same quantum state, at which point microscopic phenomena, like wavefunction interference becomes appearant macroscopically.

Now cooper pairs of electrons, attracted, can have a lower energy level then the Fermi level.

Electrons have spin-​1⁄2, so they are fermions, but the total spin of a Cooper pair is integer (0 or 1) so it is a composite boson.

This means, that if we know the spin of one of the electrons from the Cooper pair, then we have information about the spin of the other electron in the Cooper pair.

Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance.

So basically Cooper pair of electrons should be entangled, because information of the spin of one of the electrons will give us info about the spin of the other electron in the pair.

BEC says that the wavefunctions can interfere, but it does not say they are entangled.

Question:

1. Are Cooper pairs of electrons entangled?