From what I understand, voltage is the potential difference, but it seems like the terms are used interchangeably. This is confusing me because I am only just learning what these terms mean. I'm also not sure how either is "applied" - I think applying a voltage to an electrode would mean providing a difference in charge somewhere to allow a current to flow from one to the other, and applying a potential would mean providing it potential energy, which would be done the same way as when applying a voltage?
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You are right. Voltage is an electric potential difference. The concept of potentials is more general (e.g. gravitational potential) in physics.
