Q.1) What is the idea of stationary orbital of electron? As it is said energy tangled with mass and vice versa how is this energy always be in the form of cloud such as s, p, d, f? From where does this energy come from?Why don't the energy cloud vanish away or what is stopping it to not vanish away?
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$\begingroup$ Possible duplicate Have a look at this link physics.stackexchange.com/questions/137207/… $\endgroup$– user81619Commented Aug 20, 2015 at 19:57
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$\begingroup$ Thanks to notify me that but that person is asking other thing. As you can read in my question that why energy always be in the form of clouds like s, p, etc? Why the energy orbital is not escaping or can say lose out? $\endgroup$– Nukul ParmarCommented Aug 21, 2015 at 22:14
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$\begingroup$ Have you got an answer you are happy with? If not I will try an answer for you if you like today? $\endgroup$– user81619Commented Aug 22, 2015 at 6:54
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$\begingroup$ No I didn't got my answer $\endgroup$– Nukul ParmarCommented Aug 22, 2015 at 9:26
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$\begingroup$ In Bohr's model there are nothing like orbitals ,only orbits,you should probably edit the question. $\endgroup$– PaulCommented Aug 22, 2015 at 13:19
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2 Answers
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First of all let us make clear the the Bohr model posits orbits, with some imposed by hand quantization constraints, as the stationary assumption.
Orbitals for the hydrogen atom are the solutions of the Schrodinger equation with the hydrogen potential energy and helped develop quantum mechanical theory.
In QM the solution of the schrodinger equation is a wave function and the square of this wave function gives the probability of finding the electron at a specific (x,y,z). Orbitals are probability distributions with specific quantum numbers. The theory and the experiment agree .
A hydrogen atom in its ground state (n=1,s) will stay there forever unless the atom is hit with a photon with an energy difference between the s state and another orbital position. Thus the energy for higher states is supplied by a photon interaction. These higher states will decay to the ground state releasing the energy as a photon.
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$\begingroup$ Actually, the square of the wave function gives you the probability density at a specific (x,y,z). $ψ^2 (x,y,z)$ needs to be integrated over a space interval to give the actual probability of finding the electron in that area of space. The probability of finding the electron in a specific location (x,y,z) is actually zero. $\endgroup$– GertCommented Aug 20, 2015 at 20:41
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$\begingroup$ Thanks Anna v for enlighten me but you didn't got my actual question. I accidently gave the topic as Bohr model. I wrote orbitals and I mean that they are orbitals and I am not taking about orbits. Ok. I actually mean that why they are stationary? If it is just equations told that then why equations told that there is and energy cloud called orbitals? What helps that energy to stay there and from where it come from? $\endgroup$ Commented Aug 21, 2015 at 21:44
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$\begingroup$ equations do not tell that there is an energy cloud. Equations tell us that there exist energy levels fitted/modeled with the wavefunction. The energy operator operating on the wave function will give the energy of that level. $\endgroup$– anna vCommented Aug 22, 2015 at 2:47
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$\begingroup$ systems tend to the ground state, by radiating away physics.stackexchange.com/questions/201674/… . The cloud image is a representation of the probability density to find an electron at (x,y,z) when measuring it. Not an energy cloud, a probabilistic energy cloud. $\endgroup$– anna vCommented Aug 22, 2015 at 2:53
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$\begingroup$ can you please explain me in detail the word you used as energy operator. $\endgroup$ Commented Aug 22, 2015 at 15:43
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Taking your questions in this order:
As it is said energy tangled with mass and vice versa.
Energy tangled with mass is the equation E = mc$^2$, meaning, as I am sure you know, energy and mass can convert into each other using this equation. For your particular question though, I would ask you to (temporarily) forget this idea as, although you are correct, it really has nothing to do with the rest of your question and it is only confusing things.
What is the idea of stationary orbital of electron? From where does this energy come from?
In nature, if an object has a chance to lose energy, it will lose that energy, like you holding a rock above the ground and then dropping it. The potential energy of the rock will vanish when it lies on the ground and you will need to use your own energy to pick it back up.
In something like the same way, if an electron and a proton get close enough, because they have opposite electric charges, they will be attracted to each other and form an atom, in this case the Hydrogen atom.
As the electron is pulled into towards the proton, it will emit radiation (and lose energy doing that ) until it goes into the lowest orbit around the proton, (which is called the 1 S orbital), in which it will have the lowest energy level. Unless it receives energy from say, a light photon, it will stay in that orbit forever, that is your reference to "stationary", as it does not have enough energy to go anywhere.
The electron will not go straight "into" the proton, otherwise we would not have atoms, instead it will most likely be found somewhere around the proton, in an orbital region. We can't say "exactly" where it will be found, we can only say where there is a very high chance it will be found.
how is this energy always be in the form of cloud such as s, p, d, f.
The electrons that gather around the nucleus of an atom have to follow a set of rules, which we just accept as we don't fully understand them. One of these rules says that only two electrons can be at the lowest energy level and that any other electrons must go into higher energy levels, as the one below them is full.
As the next electrons come along, they have more energy and they arrange themselves in the p, d, f orbitals according to the rule I said above, that only two electrons can fit into each orbital. But the crucial part to remember here is that the 2nd highest energy level allows the electrons to have more energy than the lowest energy level, so the electrons take up different orbital patterns, not just spherical like the 1 S orbital, but other odd shapes such as the p, d and f orbitals, that allow them to do three things at once:
- All have the same energy.
- All obey the rule that only two electrons can fit into each orbital.
- All stay as far apart as they can from each other, as they are all negatively charged so will "push" away from each other as much as possible while still staying at the same energy.
As anna says, don't think of the energy being in a cloud, it's not anything directly to do with energy, instead think of the cloud as the region where the electron is most likely to be found.
That is the most straightforward answer I can give you. In this answer, I need to ignore or simplify a lot of points, so my apologies for doing that.
anna has given you a much better answer than mine, although you might need to read more about this subject first to follow it.
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$\begingroup$ how can one tell that this (pointing to any thing) has a chance to loss energy? As you say that "electron will stay in that orbit forever" my question is why it will forever be in that orbit only( don't consider excited states)? Why don't the energy cloud vanish away or what is stopping it to not vanish away? $\endgroup$ Commented Aug 22, 2015 at 15:59
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$\begingroup$ I don't honestly think anybody could answer that except to say it would contradict the conservation of energy law. As far as we know, energy and mass can't just disappear, if it did you and I would not be here. I don't want to avoid your question, or offend you in any way, but it's just a rule of nature, the same as saying, on a bigger scale, why does a cricket ball not just suddenly vanish? $\endgroup$– user81619Commented Aug 22, 2015 at 16:07
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$\begingroup$ Now you perfectly got my question. What is stopping that energy not to move to a lower energy state? $\endgroup$ Commented Aug 22, 2015 at 16:12
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$\begingroup$ Ok, these facts are hopefully obvious to both of us: we need atoms to exist, the atoms are made from electrons and protons, the electrons are in orbitals and there must be a lowest energy orbital otherwise no atom would be stable and then we would not be here. The electron has nowhere else to go and it can't go "poof" and vanish, because of energy mass conservation, so it's going to stay where it is. It's as much logic as it is physics, if you accept atoms as building blocks. $\endgroup$– user81619Commented Aug 22, 2015 at 16:27
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$\begingroup$ Can you please elaborate energy mass conservation point with respect to my question. All you said is theoretically correct and proved. Do you have any other explanation? I am still confused. In my perspective there would be something between the nodes and antinode which is constantly giving energy to the orbitals so that they be in a fixed energy state so that law of energy mass conservation occur. My question is sounding like a silly question still I am not satisfied with all the answer. I my be wrong in my perspective. $\endgroup$ Commented Aug 22, 2015 at 21:18