Unfortunately space derivatives of displacement are not continuous the boundaries between two finite elements, so that you can't get a continuous distribution of strain, stress and internal actions across the beam simply evaluating the space derivatives of the FEM solutions.
Euler Beam - bending.
On the other hand, it's possible to evaluate stress and internal actions in a structure using other methods. Here, I'll show you a way to recover reactions at constraints and internal actions for a cantilever Euler beam, of length $\ell$, clamped in $x=0$, with free end in $x=\ell$, whose transverse displacement $w(x,t)$ is governed
$m \ddot{w} - T' = f(x,t) \quad , \qquad x \in [0,\ell]$
$M' + T =0$
$w(0,t) = 0, \quad w'(0,t) = 0, \quad M(\ell,t) = 0, \quad T(\ell,t) = 0$
being $M(x,t) = (EJ(x,t)w(x,t))''$ the constitutive law for the bending moment, so that you can write the indefinite equilibrium equation and the boundary conditions at the free ends as
$m \ddot{w} + (EJ w'')'' = f(x,t) \quad , \qquad x \in [0,\ell]$
$EJw''(\ell,t) = 0, \quad (EJw''(\ell,t))' = 0$
Euler Beam - bending: Weak formulation.
Now we can write the weak form of the equations
dynamical equation in terms of $w(x,t)$ only:
$\displaystyle \int_0^\ell \delta w m \ddot{w} + \int_0^\ell \delta w'' EJ w'' = \int_0^\ell \delta w f$
equations for internal actions (I'm not 100% that integration by part is needed here, but you can try):
$\displaystyle \int_0^\ell \delta \phi m \ddot{w} -\int_0^\ell \delta \phi T' = \int_0^\ell \delta \phi f
\qquad \rightarrow \qquad
\displaystyle \int_0^\ell \delta \phi m \ddot{w} - \underbrace{\delta \phi(\ell) T(\ell,t)}_{=0, \quad b.c.} + \delta \phi(0) T(0,t) + \int_0^\ell \delta \phi' T = \int_0^\ell \delta \phi f
$
$\displaystyle \int_0^\ell \delta \varphi M' + \int_0^\ell \delta \varphi T = 0
\qquad \rightarrow \qquad
\underbrace{\delta \varphi(\ell)M(\ell,t)}_{=0, \quad b.c.} - \delta \varphi(0)M(0,t) -\displaystyle \int_0^\ell \delta \varphi' M + \int_0^\ell \delta \varphi T = 0$
having introduced test functions $\delta \phi$, $\delta \varphi$ for the equations of the internal actions.
Finite element problem. The equation for the displacement $w(x,t)$ can be solved introducing the finite element approximation
$w(x,t) = \mathbf{N}_w^T(x) \mathbf{w}(t)$ and using the same test functions as the base functions $\mathbf{N}_w(x)$, i.e. the equation
$\displaystyle \int_0^\ell \mathbf{N}_w(x) m(x) \mathbf{N}_w^T(x) \mathbf{\ddot{w}}(t) + \int_0^\ell \mathbf{N}^{''}_w(x) EJ(x) \mathbf{N}_w^{''T}(x) \mathbf{w}(t) = \int_0^\ell \mathbf{N}_w f(x,t) $
$\mathbf{M} \mathbf{\ddot{w}} + \mathbf{K} \mathbf{w} = \mathbf{f}$
We can solve the equations of the internal actions introducing the approximation of the internal actions
$T(x,t) = \mathbf{N}^T_T(x) \mathbf{t}(t)$,
$M(x,t) = \mathbf{N}^T_M(x) \mathbf{m}(t)$
to get the discrete version of the weak formulation of the problem writeen above, that can be written as
$\mathbf{M}_\phi \mathbf{\ddot{w}} + \mathbf{C}_\phi \mathbf{t} = \mathbf{f}_\phi$
$\mathbf{M}_\varphi \mathbf{t} + \mathbf{C}_\varphi \mathbf{m} = \mathbf{0}$,
being matrices with the subscripts $\phi$ or $\varphi$ the finite element matrices computed using test functions $\phi$, $\varphi$.
These two equations, that should be the equations you need to evaluate internal actions, can be solved after the evaluation of the displacement field $w$, to recover internal actions.
Pay attention that $\mathbf{C}_\phi$ and $\mathbf{C}_\varphi$ must be invertible, to solve the system formally as
$\mathbf{t} = \mathbf{C}_\phi ^{-1} \left[ \mathbf{f}_\phi - \mathbf{M}_\phi \mathbf{\ddot{w}} \right] \qquad $ and thus
$\mathbf{m} = - \mathbf{C}^{-1} _\varphi\mathbf{M}_\varphi \mathbf{t} $,
