Sean Carroll's claim on renormalisation?

Question

So I'm reading Sean Carroll's old blog post:

But to a modern physicist, this seems like a misguided quest. First, because renormalization theory teaches us that $\alpha$ isn’t really a number at all; it’s a function. In particular, it’s a function of the total amount of momentum involved in the interaction you are considering. Essentially, the strength of electromagnetism is slightly different for processes happening at different energies. Atiyah isn’t even trying to derive a function, just a number.

This is basically the objection given by Sabine Hossenfelder. But to be as charitable as possible, I don’t think it’s absolutely a knock-down objection. There is a limit we can take as the momentum goes to zero, at which point $\alpha$ is a single number.

I'm kind of rusty in QFT but can someone give me a heuristic reasoning to the lines:

it’s a function of the total amount of momentum involved in the interaction you are considering

And

There is a limit we can take as the momentum goes to zero, at which point $\alpha$ is a single number.

Answer 1

Answer to question 1
In QFT (quantum field theory) the interactions between particles are described perturbatively as successive contributions of terms at different orders in the coupling between the underlying fields. Higher order corrections to the tree level means loops, which are infinite. To overcome this difficulty, in QED (quantum electrodynamics) the bare coupling $e$ is renormalized to an observed value $e_R$ at some momentum $Q$ of the interaction. If we express the effective electric charge vs. the momentum, we have
$e^2_{eff} (Q) = \frac{e^2_R}{1 - \frac{e^2_R}{12 \pi^2} ln \frac{Q^2}{m^2}}$
which is known as a running coupling, meaning it is momentum-dependent.

Here the renormalized coupling is defined as $e_R = e_{eff} (m)$, i.e. with $Q = m$.

Note: $\alpha = \frac{e^2}{4 \pi}$

Answer to question 2
If the renormalization is defined at $Q \to 0$, the renormalized coupling $e_R$ measures the electric charge of the Coulomb interaction at long distance, in principle at infinity.