Hilbert space operator associated to gauge transformation

Question

Suppose we have a Lagrangian that with fields that are acted on by a symmetry group, e.g. $$\mathcal{L} = \partial_{\mu}\phi \partial^{\mu}\phi^* - m^2 \phi \phi^*$$ with $G=U(1)$ (i.e. $\phi \to e^{i \alpha}\phi$). Then this symmetry group has a representation acting on the physical Hilbert space - to find these operators we can use Noether's first theorem to find a conserved current and integrate to get a conserved charge operator $\hat{Q}$ and then a representation of $U(1)$ by acting on the Hilbert space with $\hat{U} = e^{i \theta \hat{Q}}$.

My question now is what happens if we now have a gauge symmetry $G$ - how do we find the Hilbert space operator corresponding to gauge symmetries $G$? We can no longer use Noether's first theorem. (Of course we expect that the subspace of physical states will transform as a singlet under the Hilbert space operators corresponding to elements of $G$.)

Answer 1

Not sure if this answers your question, but Noether's second theorem is the analog of Noether's ("first") theorem for gauge symmetries. For a field $A_\mu$ with a gauge symmetry $A_\mu \to A_\mu + \partial_\mu \lambda$, the conserved current (which is also the generator of gauge transformations) is given by $J^\mu = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial A_\mu}|_{A_\mu = 0}$. In the case of QED, $J_\mu = e \bar{\Psi} \gamma_\mu \Psi$, where the $\Psi$ are the electron Dirac fermion operators.

Answer 2

According to the Dirac conjecture, in the Hamiltonian and canonical formulation of gauge theory, the gauge transformations are generated by first class constraints. In the case of QED, the gauge generator is the Gauss law operator ${\bf \nabla}\cdot {\bf E}-\frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0}$.