What does it mean (how is it visualized) for a particle to act as a wave?

Question

I have no background in physics. This isn't for homework, just for interest.

In quantum physics, it's described that a particle can act as both a particle and a wave.

Quoted from HowStuffWorks "Wave-Particle Duality"

Today, physicists accept the dual nature of light. In this modern view, they define light as a collection of one or more photons propagating through space as electromagnetic waves. This definition, which combines light's wave and particle nature, makes it possible to rethink Thomas Young's double-slit experiment in this way: Light travels away from a source as an electromagnetic wave. When it encounters the slits, it passes through and divides into two wave fronts. These wave fronts overlap and approach the screen. At the moment of impact, however, the entire wave field disappears and a photon appears. Quantum physicists often describe this by saying the spread-out wave "collapses" into a small point.

I have trouble visualizing a particle transforming into a wave and vice-versa. The quote says that light travels away from a source as an electromagnetic wave. What does that even look like? How can I visualize "a wave"? Is that supposed to look like some thin wall of advancing light? And then, the quote says, at the moment of impact, the wave disappears and a photon appears. So, a ball of light appears? Something that resembles a sphere? How does a sphere become something like an ocean wave? What does that look like?

My (completely uneducated) guess is, by a particle becoming a wave, does that mean that this expansive wave is filled with tons of ghost copies of itself, like the one electron exists everywhere in this expansive area of the wave, and then when it hits the wall, that property suddenly disappears and you're left with just one particle. So, this "wave", is really tons of identical copies of the same photon in the shape and form and with the same properties of, a wave? My guess comes from reading about how shooting just one photon still passes through two slits in the double-slit experiment. So the photon actually duplicated itself?

Answer 1

What we observe in nature exists in several scales. From the distances of stars and galaxies and clusters of galaxies to the sizes of atoms and elementary particles.

Now we have to define "observe".

Observing in human size scale means what our ears hear, what our eyes see, what our hands feel, our nose smells , our mouth tastes. That was the first classification and the level of "proxy", i.e. intermediate between fact and our understanding and classification, which is biological. (the term proxy is widely used in climate researches)

A second level of observing comes when we use proxies, like meters, thermometers, telescopes and microscopes etc. which register on our biological proxies and we accumulate knowledge. At this level we can overcome the limits of the human scale and find and study the enormous scales of the galaxies and the tiny scales of the bacteria and microbes. A level of microns and millimeters. We observe waves in liquids with such size wavelengths

Visible light is of the order of Angstroms, $10^{-10}$ meters. As science progressed the idea of light being corpuscles ( Newton) became overcome by the observation of interference phenomena which definitely said "waves".

Then came the quantum revolution, the photoelectric effect (Particle), the double slit experiments( wave) that showed light had aspects of a corpuscle and aspects of a wave. We our now in a final level of use of proxy, called mathematics

The wave particle duality was understood in the theory of quantum mechanics. In this theory depending on the observation a particle will either react as a "particle" i.e. have a momentum and location defined , or as a wave, i.e. have a frequency/wavelength and geometry defining its presence BUT, and it is a huge but, this wavelength is not in the matter/energy itself that is defining the particle , but in the probability of finding that particle in a specific (x,y,z,t) location. If there is no experiment looking for the particle at specific locations its form is unknown and bounded by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

What is described with words in the last paragraph is rigorously set out in mathematical equations and it is not possible to understand really what is going on if one does not acquire the mathematical tools, as a native on a primitive island could not understand airplanes. Mathematics is the ultimate proxy for understanding quantum phenomena.

Now light is special in the sense that collectively it displays the wave properties macroscopically, and the specialness comes from the Maxwell Equations which work as well in both systems, the classical and the quantum mechanical, but this also needs mathematics to be comprehended.

So a visualization is misleading in the sense that the mathematical wave function coming from the quantum mechanical equations is like a "statistical" tool whose square gives us the probability of observing the particle at (x,y,z,t). Suppose that I have a statistical probability function for you, that you may be in New York on 17/10/2012 and probabilities spread all over the east coast of the US. Does that mean that you are nowhere? does that mean that you are everywhere? Equally with the photons and the elementary particles. It is just a mathematical probability coming out of the inherent quantum mechanical nature of the cosmos.

Answer 2

At the moment of impact, however, the entire wave field disappears and a photon appears.

Any source that is content to describe scientific theories in terms of black magic is worse than useless.

How can I visualize "a wave"?

You can visualize it as y=sin(x). The wave's strength oscillates both over time (if you stand in one place and watch it pass), and space (if you "freeze" it in time). Light is more complex than more familiar waves (eg, waves in water), in that it's made up of oscillating electrical and magnetic waves.

So the photon actually duplicated itself?

No, it hasn't duplicated itself, just spread itself out so that it can pass through two slits simultaneously (just like a wave in water would do). The "collapsing" occurs due to the quantization of light, which is evident when the light gets absorbed by matter.

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Realize that trying to visualize is a very limited vehicle for understanding quantum-scale physics. Since such tiny scales are out the domain of our ordinary sense perception, all we have available is hypothesis based on experiments. So, to understand a theory is to understand the paradoxes and experiments that gave rise to it; in the case of the wave-particle duality, that would be (among others) the double slit experiment, as you mentioned. On the quantization of light, a good class of experiments to ponder is those of emission/absorption spectra of elements.

Answer 3

Visualization is difficult since, for example, the 'waves' that we're talking about a probability amplitude density waves. (In fact, we (teachers) should probably discourage initiates into the subject from trying to do this outright.)

One thing that has always helped when I describe this to folks is something I got from Paul Tipler's undergrad book (!) a long time ago when I was a teaching assistant. He makes a very useful distinction: when an electron (as a canonical example of a quantum 'particle') propagates it behaves in a wavelike fashion; when it exchanges energy with other systems, it does so discretely, like a particle.

In this sense then the 'duality' of quantum mechanics is less paradoxical and perhaps less seemingly contradictory. Electrons behave as waves and particles but never 'at the same time.'

Answer 4

Particles in quantum mechanics are always particles and act as particles. E.g. an electron or a photon are always defined as particles according to the Standard Model and Wigner representation. E.g. an electron is defined as a particle with mass $m_e$, spin 1/2 and charge e and always behaves as a particle, never as a wave. As emphasized in CERN website "everything in the Universe is found to be made from twelve basic building blocks called fundamental particles".

There is not need for a wave-particle duality in modern interpretations of quantum mechanics (in fact quantum mechanics can be formulated without wavefunctions) and the wave-particle duality term is often considered a "myth", Klein prefers the term "misnomer". The historical roots of the wave-particle duality myth are explained in Ballentine's celebrated textbook Quantum Mechanics: A Modern Mechanics Development:

"Are ”particles” really ”waves”? In the early experiments, the diffraction patterns were detected holistically by means of a photographic plate, which could not detect individual particles. As a result, the notion grew that particle and wave properties were mutually incompatible, or complementary, in the sense that different measurement apparatuses would be required to observe them. That idea, however, was only an unfortunate generalization from a technological limitation. Today it is possible to detect the arrival of individual electrons, and to see the diffraction pattern emerge as a statistical pattern made up of many small spots (Tonomura et al., 1989)."

As stated by Klein:

"The miraculous "wave-particle duality" continues to flourish in popular texts and elementary text books. However, the rate of appearance of this term in scientific works has been decreasing in recent years."

Look Akira Tonomura’s video clip .wmv .mpeg for a beautiful demonstration of the appearance of statistical wave pattern on a double-slit interference experiment when a large number of independent single particles (electrons) impact the detector.

Answer 5

Fair warning: I'm a layman also with a particular interest in photons. My suggestion is that confusion surrounding duality theory can occur as a result of a barrage of different theories and answers from those subscribing to different theories. Which is exactly why I share the same confusion. Although I believe most of the answers here are derived from QM theories. If not all.

I don't have a problem with that but do believe it's important for every curious person to firmly understand the notion that theory is only theory. And "proven" theory is simply theory which only the single believer himself is convinced is proven. That "proof" does not extend to every other living or past human being. That proof only belongs to that one believer. Even if he has 100,000 colleagues who agree with him. In such a case that might be considered a quorum belief, which can be a measure of some importance when deciding to personally adopt a theory yourself. But not necessarily so. Scientists in the past have been executed for suggesting that the world is not flat. I'd say in cases like that the quorum was definitely wrong. And I might add rather antagonistically tied to their false understanding of the world.

Science is not perfect. Time and time again we need to adjust our understanding of nature in one way or another because of new discovery and I'm certain that will continue ad-infinitum into our future. I personally suspect QM will eventually require an overhaul someday, if not retirement. But that doesn't matter. What truly matters in the realm of curiosity is the attempt to discover the inner workings of nature. And that is what QM subscribers are doing, as well as yourself. Sometimes, though, like the quorum who executes people for disagreeing with them, people who believe strongly in their theories can tend to become overtly defensive and matter of fact-ly. So a word to the wise while treading through the QM world: you are going to hear a lot of things expressed as fact when in truth they are based on theory. Keep a grain of salt wedged between your cheek and gum and follow the path that you feel most comfortable with. I use the word "feel" instead of "see" because sight is a limited sense as I believe @anna v stressed.

My advice is to seek your own answer and then find a suitable theory that matches. Perhaps mine.

First things first. Your question did not mention photons so I think their might be some confusion over that (although your quoted work from HowStuffWorks" did).

Next fathom the idea that electromagnetic waves are bursts of energy which arrive at certain frequencies. The retinas in our eyes - by quorum belief - can detect frequencies. And that is a basic understanding of our vision of light.

Next, you must understand what frequency is - if you don't already. Come to understand the difference between EM frequency, RF, sound frequency, and how they differ mechanically.

Try to understand what a particle is. This is where I veer from QM. A particle must have mass, or it is not a particle. And that is true whether the issue is confused by incredulous ideas such as resting mass vs moving mass. I don't fully agree with Einstein's theories either but he did prove to my content that any accelerating charge must have mass.

Ask yourself why when you look directly at the Sun you will burn your retinas and you will become blind, but you can stare at reflected sunlight coming from a huge rock without any worse for wear? Therein lies the answer.

My theory thinks photons do not have, carry, or mimick electromagnetic waves. I believe photons are only particles. I believe electromagnetic waves are only created by other particles of mass when they interact with photons as the photons strike them.

Just a thought.