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A gauge theory has internal degrees of freedom that do not affect the foretold physical outcomes of the theory. The theory has a Lie group of *continuous symmetries* of these internal degrees of freedom, *i.e.* the predicted physics under any transformation in this group on the degrees of freedom. Examples include the $U(1)$-symmetric quantum electrodynamics and other Yang-Mills theories wherein non-Abelian groups replace the $U(1)$ gauge group of QED.

4 votes
1 answer
401 views

Magnetic monopoles in 2D

Question: Is it possible to have a gapless theory of 2+1 dimensional electromagnetism with magnetic monopoles but no electric monopoles? If such a theory exists, does a Lagrangian description exist? B …
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6 votes
0 answers
380 views

Higher form symmetries and Yang Mills

I have been reading about higher-form symmetries, particularly how they are applied to non-abelian gauge theories. I have come across the claim that pure $SU(N)$ Yang Mills (i.e. with no quarks) posse …
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5 votes
1 answer
165 views

Solenoidal fields in $D$ spatial dimensions

In the T. Sakurai paper cited below, page 209, the author discusses how the magnetic field can be written in terms to the cross-product $$ \vec B = \vec\nabla \chi \times \vec\nabla \eta,$$ for two …
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5 votes
1 answer
455 views

Higher form symmetries and massive gauge fields

I have seen all kinds of questions and answers about how to identify a higher-form symmetries, but they all seem rather abstract. What I would like to do is investigate two very simple examples. Cons …
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