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What is the earliest evidence for the existence of superfluidity in neutron stars?

I'm about to present the subject in a seminar and I'm under the impression that at the moment there is no conclusive evidence the superfluidity actually exists in neutron stars (although it is widely believed to be so?).

I've found this review by Chamel (2017), but it doesn't seem to be very conclusive.

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    $\begingroup$ I think the best evidence is the rapid cooling of the neutron star remnant in Cas A. But as that is discussed in your Chamel reference, I don't think I can add anything. $\endgroup$
    – ProfRob
    Commented Jan 11, 2018 at 16:19
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    $\begingroup$ The evidence comes from cooling and pulsar glitches. The cooling observations are very delicate and have been recently revised, finding no evidence for the "rapid cooling" that would imply the presence of superfluidity. On the other hand, glitches are a quite robust indicator that there is superfluidity in "cold" neutron stars physics.stackexchange.com/a/781603/226902 For a recent review, see: Insights into the physics of neutron star interiors from pulsar glitches (2022). $\endgroup$
    – Quillo
    Commented Dec 17, 2023 at 23:14

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Apart from the fast cooling of Cas A, that is still not a conclusive evidence, the most convincing evidence (but also the earliest!) comes from observations of pulsar glitches. In particular, the observed quasi-exponential post-glitch relaxation indicates the coupling with an internal superfluid, the large glitch amplitudes and large glitch activity of some pulsars indicate the presence of a large angular momentum reservoir in the form of internal superfluid currents. All this is discussed in the review of Antonelli et al. Insights into the physics of neutron star interiors from pulsar glitches, where you can easily find the original works of the late 60s, but also the recent interpretation of the pulsar glitch phenomenon.

Link to the review: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12769v3

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