Superluminal clarification and FTL information transmission

Question

Sixty Symbols recently released a video about superluminal motions (https://youtu.be/IsEDigUHsOQ).

This sparked a question I hadn’t considered before – although, I’m fairly sure it must be rather common amongst physicists (thus, the answer might be obvious).

Context:
We are in a spaceship orbiting the moon. We shine a beam of light out the window onto the surface of the moon. This beam is luminous enough to be visible with our naked eyes even from the spaceship. So, if we were to abruptly swing the source of the beam (say, a very powerful torchlight) then we would see the beam rush at a really amazing speed on the surface of the moon.

In fact, if we swing the torchlight fast enough, in practice, the beam should rush across the surface of the moon faster than light – which is amazing, but also very okay, as in this exercise, there isn’t any physical object moving faster than light.

$$ $$

Question:
Why? The explanation I’ve been receiving isn’t very clear, and I’m in fact somewhat confused by it. If we observe a light beam moving faster than light on the surface of the moon, then clearly, the particles forming this light beam are moving faster than light, right? Obviously, no, so I’m missing some detail.
Please note that I do understand there are superluminal illusions that can explain some related examples, such as for instance, activating multiple aligned light sources, in a very synchronized way, to make an outside observer see an apparent single FTL moving source of light. I’m however not seeing how this phenomenon explains the above question.

Further question:
Let’s say we place a tiny opaque disc in front of the torchlight, such that a shadow is cast inside the beam of light on the surface of the moon. Now, if we move the disc fast enough, then the shadow cast inside the beam of light on the moon should move faster than light (I supposed – do correct me if I’m wrong).
In principle, why could we not use this faster than light moving shadow to transmit some information from, say, one end of the beam on the surface of the moon to the other end, at an FTL speed?

Answer 1

The important thing about this scenario is that the photons are actually all moving perpendicular to the motion of the "dot" that you are projecting onto a surface.

If you look at the diagram i have drawn, you can see that each photon is moving down towards the surface at c, with a horizontal separation from its neighbor due to the fact that you are moving the source of photons as they are being emitted.

The light source also does not emit all the photons at once obviously so there is a certain time delay between the photons. Let us say the horizontal separation of the photons is 1 m, then the apparent velocity of the spot of light is $1m/t$. You can see that this velocity has nothing to do with the actual velocity of the photons but is rather a product of the angle swept out by the emitter in a certain amount of time. If the time difference between each photon being emitted is less than $3.3*10^{-9}$s then the spot will appear to move across the surface faster than light.

Because the photons have no lateral velocity and there is nothing physically moving across the surface, information cannot be transferred. There is no way of deducing from the light hitting an observer on the left side of the diagram what is going on on the right side.

Answer 2

You and your friend are in Salt Lake City with two identical cars. Your friend drives to San Diego, and you drive to Seattle. A Seattle cop gives you a speeding ticket.

He explains why: "This car was in San Diego two seconds ago, and now it's here. That's 1200 miles in 2 seconds. Way faster than the speed limit!"

If you can explain to the cop why you didn't break any traffic laws, then you can also explain to yourself why the spotlight didn't break any physical laws.