Uncertainty principle says that one cannot measure exactly the position and momentum of a particle at same time. As per common understanding when we are measuring momentum of an object it is implicit that we aware of its position. My doubt is in Quantum world, how can we measure momentum of a particle without knowing its position. Are the two momentum and position are mutually exclusive?
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1$\begingroup$ Unfortunately you are using somewhat layman's interpretation of the uncertainty principle. You can make a measurement of the position and momentum of a particle at the same time. What the uncertainty principle tells us is that If you were to run your experiment many times you would find a spread in your measurements of both position ($\Delta x$) and momentum ($\Delta p$), and that for any system you will never be able to get the product of these two below a certain amount ($\Delta x\cdot\Delta p\geq\hbar/2$) $\endgroup$– BioPhysicistCommented Jun 27, 2019 at 18:19
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4$\begingroup$ look atmy answer here physics.stackexchange.com/questions/479475/… where bubble chamber tracks are discussed, momentum measured by $Bqv=mv^2/r$ taking into account the ionisation loss,and the interaction point measured at the main vertex. $\endgroup$– anna vCommented Jun 27, 2019 at 18:45
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$\begingroup$ @AaronStevens I am not sure that your statement about the possibiiity of a measurement of the position and momentum of a particle at the same time is consistent with the request of QM that the effect of any measurement is to project the wavefunction onto the eigenstate corresponding to the measured eigenvalue. A really simultaneous measurement would imply a common eigenvecctor of two non-commuting operators. $\endgroup$– GiorgioP-DoomsdayClockIsAt-90Commented Jun 28, 2019 at 3:34
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$\begingroup$ @GiorgioP No. Claiming that the results of your measurements were both eigenvectors of your initial state implies a common eigenvector of two non-commuting operators. Or if the measurements weren't simultaneous, claiming that the second measurement doesn't change the state that the system was in after the first measurement. Even though they are closely related, non-common eigenvalues and the HUP are not saying the exactly same thing. $\endgroup$– BioPhysicistCommented Jun 28, 2019 at 9:58
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1$\begingroup$ @AaronStevens I fully agree with such a point of view. $\endgroup$– GiorgioP-DoomsdayClockIsAt-90Commented Jun 28, 2019 at 23:03
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1 Answer
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I know a "kind of" answer.
A "velocity selector" AKA "Wein filter" will pass particles with a narrow fixed range of velocities. If we know the species (and therefore the mass) we have measured the momentum of all particles passing the filter without measuring position in the direction of travel (but we have measured position transverse to the direction of travel).
The reason this is interesting is that while the Heisenberg principle limits your precision in measuring both $x$ and $p_x$ at the same time it does not limit your precision in measuring $y$ and $p_x$ at the same time.
answered Jun 27, 2019 at 23:11
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$\begingroup$ Something that confuses me is the statement of "measuring $x$ and $p_x$ at the same time". Won't the HUP only manifest itself after multiple measurements of similar systems? Isn't the precision of a single measurement more about the detector? $\endgroup$ Commented Jun 27, 2019 at 23:38
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$\begingroup$ In "AKA Wein filter" as mentioned, is it mass & velocity pre known? Even in that case I think point of time of measurement also needed to comply HUP. My understanding is that how can we measure any physical parametre without observing the object. Can't we say that just mere observation itself is the act of knowing the position? in HUP what I read was that our eye observation needs light i.e. photon which when hits, particle will automatically alter its position and hence uncertainty. But my doubt is before and after our observation also there is light exists in space and hitting of photons. $\endgroup$ Commented Jun 28, 2019 at 17:53
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$\begingroup$ @SivaKumarValiveti Your understanding of the HUP in terms of photon detection is somewhat false in that it assumes the particle has a well defined position and momentum the entire time. It's like you are thinking "the HUP just makes us uncertain about the true position and momentum of the particle." The "uncertainties" in the HUP really are standard deviations of probability distributions. There is no "true" position or momentum that we are "uncertain" about. $\endgroup$ Commented Jun 29, 2019 at 15:14
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$\begingroup$ @SivaKumarValiveti Generally the earliest stages of creating a particle beam give you at best roughly directionallity and a spread of velocities. By engineering things right you will know that a non-trivial number of particles in the beam have the right velocity to pass the selector, but you don't know the velocity of any given particle. Whether you know the particle species (and therefore mass) in advance or not depends a lot on the situation. $\endgroup$ Commented Jun 30, 2019 at 4:46
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$\begingroup$ @AaronStevens I'd like to quote few words from Ch 4 of the book Brief history of time. " In order to predict the future one has to be able to measure its present position and velocity accurately. The obvious way to do this is to shine light on the particle.Some of the waves of light will be scattered by the particle and this will indicate its position. More accurately one measures the position, the shorter the wavelength of the light that one needs and hence the higher the energy of a single quantum. So the velocity of particle will be disturbed by a larger amount." Could you pls explain this? $\endgroup$ Commented Jul 1, 2019 at 15:44