the density operator can be written as
$$
\rho=\sum^N _{i=1} w_i |i\rangle\langle i|
$$
Now I am not sure if the following is true
$$
\langle k|\rho|k\rangle=\langle k|\bigg(\sum^N _{i=1} w_i |i\rangle\langle i|\bigg)|k\rangle=\sum^N _{i=1} w_i |\langle i|k \rangle|^2
$$
I know that $ |i \rangle \langle i| |k\rangle = \langle i|k \rangle |i\rangle$ so you can bring the right $|k\rangle$ into the sum and connect it to $\langle i|$
But I have never seen the rule $\langle k| |i\rangle\langle i|=\langle i|\langle k|i \rangle$. It should be true I guess. But I cant come up with a way to proof it
2 Answers
$\langle k|i\rangle$ is just a complex number, and can be moved around freely. In the same way that $3\langle i| = \langle i |3 $, you have that $\langle k|i\rangle\langle = |i\rangle \langle k|i\rangle$.
I'm not sure much is going through anything except for the coefficient $w_i$, which is a scalar and can be moved freely (keeping indexed sums coherent).
It's a straightforward example of norm of states
$$
\langle k|\rho|k\rangle=\langle k|\bigg(\sum^N _{i=1} w_i |i\rangle\langle i|\bigg)|k\rangle=\sum^N _{i=1} w_i \langle k|i \rangle\langle i|k \rangle=\\=\sum^N _{i=1} w_i \langle i|k \rangle^\dagger\langle i|k \rangle=\sum^N _{i=1} w_i |\langle i|k \rangle|^2
$$
where the square norm i have defined is through Hermitian conjugation. This is usually the case, but it can also be defined via integral relations, complex conjugation etc.
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$\begingroup$ $\langle i|k\rangle^*$, not $\langle i|k\rangle^{\dagger}$ $\endgroup$– schris38Commented Apr 27, 2023 at 16:51
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$\begingroup$ Isn't it up to the space you define states on? $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 27, 2023 at 17:41
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1$\begingroup$ For scalars, complex conjugation = Hermitian conjugation, so he can choose to write it in either way he likes. $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 28, 2023 at 4:49