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The partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, and is constructed to represent a particular statistical ensemble (microcanonical, macrocanonical, grand canonical).
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Partition function in quantum field theory
Why does the partition function include current term in free scalar field
$$Z[J] = \int \mathcal{D}\phi \, e^{i \left(S[\phi] + \int d^4x \,J(x) \phi(x) \right)}~$$