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Applies to questions of primarily educational value - not only questions that arise from actual homework assignments, but any question where it is preferable to guide the asker to the answer rather than giving it away outright. Please READ THE GUIDANCE IN META before asking homework-like questions.

1 vote
1 answer
388 views

Derivation of Equation 2.27 from Peskin & Schroeder

In Section 2.3, Peskin & Schroeder discusses the quantization of real scalar field in Schrodinger picture. He writes Eq. (2.25) as follows. $$\phi(\textbf{x}) = \int \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi)^3} \frac{1}{\sq …
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0 votes

Relation between Green’s functions and connected Green’s functions

From the given expression for $C_n$ we can write, $$C_n = \left[ \frac{\partial^n W(J)}{\partial J^n}\right]_{J=0},$$ where $W(J) = \ln Z(J) = \ln \left[\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!} J^n G_n\right]$ …
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1 vote
2 answers
170 views

Relation between Green’s functions and connected Green’s functions [closed]

I attempt to understand the $0$-dimensional QFT from these QFT lecture notes by Ronald Kleiss from 2019. The author defines the generating function $Z(J)$ and its logarithm in the following way. $$Z(J …
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2 votes
1 answer
306 views

Derivatives with Two Indices in Electromagnetic Lagrangian [duplicate]

I was reading about the derivation of Maxwell's equations from an electromagnetic Lagrangian density from Sean Carroll's Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity. The Lagrangian d …
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3 votes

How do I evalute $\langle n|x^2 |n\rangle$ using the annihilation and creation operators?

I am assuming that the question is in the context of $1D$ simple harmonic oscillator. If you consult any introductory quantum mechanics textbook, you will see that $\hat{x}$ can be written as $K(\ha …
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-2 votes
2 answers
409 views

Tension Forces between Different Blocks [closed]

For the mass $m_1$, $$m_1\textbf{a}_1 = \textbf{T}_1$$ For the mass $m_2$, $$m_2\textbf{a}_2 = \textbf{T}_2 + (-\textbf{T}_1)$$ For the mass $m_3$, $$m_3\textbf{a}_3 = T_2 \hat{y} - m_3 g \hat{y}$ …
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0 votes
0 answers
91 views

Coordinate Transformation in Mass-Pulley Problems

Let's say we want to determine the tension $T$ of the rope in the setup above. For the mass $m_1$, in $XOY$ coordinate system, Newton's 2nd law yields $$m_1 a_1 \, \hat{x} = T \, \hat{x} - m_1 g …
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0 votes
4 answers
9k views

Limitation of Gauss's Law

We can use Gauss's law to find out the electric field $\vec{E}(\vec{r})$ due to an infinite cylinder of charge. But if the cylinder is of finite length then it is said that $|\vec{E}(\vec{r})|$ is …
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27 votes
1 answer
17k views

Lorentz Invariant Integration Measure [closed]

When we canonically quantize the scalar field in QFT, we use a Lorentz invariant integration measure given by $$\widetilde{dk} \equiv \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3 2\omega(\textbf{k})}.$$ How can I show that …
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0 votes
1 answer
187 views

Parametric equations of a hypersurface

In light-front QFT, in the Minkowski space, we define a hypersurface, $\Sigma_+ : x^3+ x^0 = 0 $. How can I write its parametric equations?
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4 votes
2 answers
2k views

Unitary spacetime translation operator

Srednicki writes: We can make this a little fancier by defining the unitary spacetime translation operator $$ T(a) \equiv \exp(-iP^\mu a_\mu/ \hbar) $$ Then we have $$ T(a)^{-1} \phi(x) T(a) = \ …
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