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A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle with only one magnetic pole. Their magnetic fields would not be divergence-less. Predicted by certain modern theories, including string theory, supergravity, and various popular grand unified theories.
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Question about Monopole Operator
I've been studying IR-dualities in 2+1 dimensions. I encountered monopole operators in the following paper:
Time-Reversal Symmetry, Anomalies, and Dualities in (2+1)d
On page 10, starting from $QED …
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Why did David Tong say that the global topological $U(1)$ symmetry is unbroken in Higgs phase?
In the paper A Duality Web in 2+1 Dimensions and Condensed Matter Physics by Seiberg, Senthil, Wang, and Witten, they studied the particle-vortex dualities in $2+1$ dimensions.
On page 20, section 3. …
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Question about Charge and Gauge Transformation
Does gauge invariance imply charge neutrality? I understand that all physical observables must be gauge invariant. Does this mean that physical observables must be neutral?
If a quark is in red, a g …