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In gauge theory, a Wilson loop is a gauge-invariant observable obtained from the holonomy of the gauge connection around a given (closed) loop $C$. It is the trace of a path-ordered exponential of the gauge field $A_\mu$ transported along $C$, $W_C := \mathrm{Tr}(\mathcal{P}\exp i \oint_C A_\mu dx^\mu)$, where $\mathcal{P}$ is the path-ordering operator.
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Polyakov Loop and Chemical Potential
I have read in a paper (http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.3556) that in a thermal field theory, the chemical potential is $\mu=T \ln P$ where $$T^{-1}=\int_{0}^{\beta} \sqrt{-\xi^2}dt,$$ $\xi$ is $\partial_t$ …