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I was reading a paper on subsystem codes for quantum error correction: https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0506023

In section IV.B, equation (16), they have arrived at a tensor decomposition of Hilbert spaces where the gauge operators (T) and the logical operators (L) act on different tensor product spaces. The above paper arrived at the same via Schur's Lemma.

However from what I am aware Schur's lemma says that if a non zero operator commutes with all representatives of an irreducible group representation, then it must be a multiple of identity. We can use the contrapositive of the statement to deduce that if a non multiple of identity commutes with a representation then it must be a reducible representation.

But I am not sure how to deduce the tensor product structure from above. A direct sum structure should be implied though (by reducibilty of representation). Is this via a different version of Schur's lemma?

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EDIT (came back to make this rigorous as I realized that the reasoning is a bit more complicated).

Consider the following

Lemma. Let $G$ be a (compact) group with unitary representation $\Pi$ on finite-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathscr{H}$ and let $\Pi(G)^\perp$ denote all the linear operators on $\mathscr{H}$ which commutes with $\Pi(G)$. If $\Pi(G)\cap \Pi(G)^\perp = \mathbb{C}$ is trivial (i.e., contains only scalar identities), then $\mathscr{H} \cong \mathscr{A}\otimes \mathscr{B}$ where $(\mathscr{A},\Pi_\mathscr{A})$ is an irreducible representation of $G$, i.e., $\Pi(g) \cong \Pi_\mathscr{A}(g)\otimes I_\mathscr{B}$ for any $g\in G$, and any $\Pi(G)^\perp \cong I_\mathscr{A} \otimes \mathscr{L}(\mathscr{B})$ where $\mathscr{L}(\mathscr{B})$ denote all linear operators on $\mathscr{B}$.

Using the lemma, the statement isn't too hard to show, so let's prove the lemma. Since $\Pi$ is a unitary representation, it's completely reducible so that $$ \mathscr{H} =\bigoplus_{V_k} V_k^{\oplus n_k} $$ where the summation is over non-isomorphic irreps $V_k$ of $G$ and $n_k$ denotes the number of copies. Note that $V_k^{\oplus n_k} \cong V_k \otimes \mathbb{C}^{n_k}$. Therefore, we must show that the direct sum is over a single irrep $V_k$. Indeed, suppose that the direct sum is over multiple irreps. Then note that the operator $\bigoplus_{V_k} c_k I_{V_k \otimes \mathbb{C}^{n_k}}$ where $c_k\in \mathbb{C}$ are arbitrarily chosen, commutes with $\Pi(G)$ and thus we reach a contradiction. Hence, we see that the summation can only be over a single irrep, i.e., $$ \mathscr{H} \cong \mathscr{A}\otimes \mathscr{B} $$ where $\mathscr{A}$ is an irrep of $G$. Since $\mathscr{A}$ is an irrep of $G$, we see that any linear operator on $\mathscr{A}$ is a linear combination of operators in $\Pi(G)$, (see for example here), and since $\Pi(G)^\perp\cap \Pi(G) =\mathbb{C}$, we see that $\Pi(G)^\perp \cong I_{\mathscr{A}} \otimes \mathscr{L}(\mathscr{B})$

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