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Is there a general consensus about whether the universe is deterministic? Is it still up in the air?

I have attempted to read other physics.stackexchange answers and do some independent research, but I'm not a physicist and most literature is beyond my comprehension. If you answer this question, I would most appreciate it if you could attempt to explain it as simply as possible. As soon as I have to start to look up theories or definitions that are used, the web pages that explain it generally go over my head.

The easiest way to phrase my question that I can think of:

Assume there is a being existing prior to the big bang, with infinite intelligence, physics knowledge, memory, and time. The only limitation is this being can not time travel to observe the future universe. However, this being knows everything about everything as it currently stands. Once the big bang happens, could this being map out every interaction in our universe throughout all time?

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  • $\begingroup$ I can not even begin to remotely understand the highest upvoted answer in that thread. :( "You're right; the Schrödinger's equation induces a unitary time evolution, and it is deterministic. Indeterminism in Quantum Mechanics is given by another "evolution" that the wavefunction may experience: wavefunction collapse. This is the source of indeterminism in Quantum Mechanics, and is a mechanism that is still not well understood at a fundamental level (this is often called as "Measurement Problem")." $\endgroup$
    – temetvince
    Commented Apr 15, 2015 at 15:01
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    $\begingroup$ To be honest, if you don't understand any of the answers given in the linked thread, the only answers that we can give you that are simpler are "we don't know" or "yes" or "no". To understand the reasons for this answer, you need to understand the basic principles of quantum mechanics, which is underlying the standard model (the best theory for the universe we have at the moment). $\endgroup$
    – Martin
    Commented Apr 15, 2015 at 15:46
  • $\begingroup$ Basically, the question behind everything is: Usual time evolution in quantum mechanics is fully deterministic - so your "being" could map out every interaction throughout all time. However, measurements seem to be nondeterministic (hence the being could NOT predict measurement outcomes in quantum mechanics), but there are a lot of issues with fundamental measurements. This means that on whatever level you want an answer, you need to know how measurements work in quantum mechanics. $\endgroup$
    – Martin
    Commented Apr 15, 2015 at 15:49

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No, since 1925 or 1926, we have known – thanks to Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Max Born, and colleagues who have discovered the so-called "quantum mechanics", the new foundation of modern physics – that the Universe is not deterministic in this sense. Even the maximal possible knowledge of the initial state is insufficient for the prediction of phenomena in the future.

In fact, the departure with the classical reasoning your question exhibits is much deeper than that. The sentence

However, this being knows everything about everything as it currently stands.

is impossible as well. It is not possible to know "everything" – in particular, it is not possible to know positions and velocities (non-commuting quantities) at the same time. One should go even further: the very words "everything as it currently stands" is forbidden by Nature because Nature doesn't objectively "stand" in a particular way. Or equivalently, the laws of Nature outlaw the "perfect agent" who knows everything.

Quantum mechanics uses well-defined differential equations for the operators (quantities such as $x,v$) or the wave functions ($\psi$) that determine these objects' future values. But these objects don't contain unambiguous answers to questions about the phenomena. Instead, they are only the building blocks of formulae to calculate the probabilities that something happens, or something else happens. So only probabilities of various answers to questions about the phenomena in Nature may be computed from the initial state.

Because these objects obey some "deterministic equations" but they don't actually determine the phenomena – because all these objects have a probabilistic interpretation – people sometimes use the term "quantum determinism" that holds in Nature. However, quantum determinism isn't a special case of the classical determinism as you defined it.

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  • $\begingroup$ +1 agree with this, but, for all their faults, unconventional interpretations of QM such as MWI are deterministic. If MWI were true, the megamind in this question could calculate everything that would happen, couldn't he? $\endgroup$
    – innisfree
    Commented Apr 15, 2015 at 16:39
  • $\begingroup$ Right, with this if. But this question asks about our Universe and in our Universe, MWI or Bohm's theory or GRW collapse theory or... isn't realized. Our world is described by quantum mechanics. $\endgroup$
    – Luboš Motl
    Commented Apr 15, 2015 at 16:44

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