If I am not mistaken, you can do something like this:
The Pauli-Heisenberg equation should be
$$i\hbar \, \frac{d\,\psi}{dt} \,=\, -\,\frac{\gamma B_0\hbar}{2} \,\Big( \cos(\omega\, t)\,\sigma_z \,\Big)\, \psi$$ or after coefficient rearrangement
$$ \frac{d\,\psi}{dt} \,=\, i\,\frac{\gamma B_0}{2} \,\Big( \cos(\omega\, t)\,\sigma_z \,\Big)\, \psi$$
where
$$\psi \, : \, \mathbb{R} \, \to \, \mathbb{C}^2$$
and as you have already observed, the evolution operator is
$$U \, : \, \mathbb{R} \, \to \, \text{US}(2)$$ is
$$U(t) \, =\, \text{exp}\left( i \, \frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega}\,\sin(\omega t)\, \sigma_z\right) \,=\, \begin{bmatrix} \exp\Big(i \frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega}\sin(\omega t)
\Big) & 0 \\ 0 & \exp\Big(- i \frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega}\sin(\omega t)
\Big)\end{bmatrix}$$
Hence, given initial spinor $$\psi_0 \, =\, \begin{bmatrix} \psi_{0,1}\\ \psi_{0,2} \end{bmatrix}\, \in \, \mathbb{C}^2$$ after time $t$, the spinor evolves into the spinor
$$\psi \, =\, \psi(t) \, =\, U(t)\,\psi_0 \,=\, \text{exp}\left(- i \, \frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega}\,\sin(\omega t)\, \sigma_z \right)\, \psi_0$$
In general, given a spinor $\psi = \begin{bmatrix} \psi_{1}\\ \psi_{2} \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{C}^2$ such that $\psi^*\psi = |\psi_1|^2 + |\psi_2|^2 = 1$, we can associate to it a unique $\text{SU}(2)$ matrix
$$\Psi \,=\, \begin{bmatrix} \psi_{1} & - \bar{\psi}_2\\ \psi_{2} & \bar{\psi}_1\end{bmatrix} \, \in \, \text{SU}(2)$$ Then, this spinor matrix decomposes uniquely into
$$\Psi \,=\, \cos\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) \, + \, i\,\sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big)\,\big(\vec{u}\cdot \vec{\sigma}\big) $$
where $\vec{u} \,=\, u_x \,\vec{i} + u_y \, \vec{j} + u_z \, \vec{k} \, \in \mathbb{R}^3$ is the 3D unit vector along the axis of rotation of the spinor frame $\Psi$, the angle $\mu$ is the angle of 3D rotation that the spinor frame $\Psi$ defines, and $\vec{\sigma} = \sigma_x \, \vec{i} + \sigma_y \, \vec{j} + \sigma_z \, \vec{k}$ with $\sigma_x, \, \sigma_y, \, \sigma_z$ being the three standard Pauli matrices. In other words, $$\vec{u}\cdot \vec{\sigma} \,=\, u_x \,\sigma_x + u_y \, \sigma_y + u_z \, \sigma_z$$
Form this representation, you can take only the first column of the spinor frame and its decomposition, yielding
$$\begin{bmatrix} \psi_1\\ \psi_2 \end{bmatrix} \, =\, \begin{bmatrix} \cos\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}\, + \, i \sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) \begin{bmatrix} u_z \\ u_x + i\,u_y \end{bmatrix} $$
or componentwise
\begin{align}
\psi_1 \,&=\,\cos\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) + i\, \sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big)\, u_z \\
\psi_2 \,&=\, i\,\sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) \big( u_x + i\,u_y\big)\, =\,
\sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) \big( -u_y + i\,u_x\big)
\end{align}
Therefore,
\begin{align}
\sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big)\, u_z \,&=\, \text{Im}(\psi_1)\\
\sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) \, u_x \,&=\, \text{Im}(\psi_2)\\
\sin\Big(\frac{\mu}{2}\Big) \, u_y \,&=\, -\text{Re}(\psi_2)
\end{align}
And from here, you can obtain the coordinates of the unit vector $\vec{u}$ along the axis of rotation
\begin{align}
u_z \,&=\, \frac{\text{Im}(\psi_1)}{\sqrt{\, |\psi_2|^2 + |\text{Im}(\psi_1)|^2\,}\,}\\
u_x \,&=\, \frac{\text{Im}(\psi_2)}{{\sqrt{\, |\psi_2|^2 + |\text{Im}(\psi_1)|^2\,}\,}}\\
u_y \,&=\, \frac{-\,\text{Re}(\psi_2)}{{\sqrt{\, |\psi_2|^2 + |\text{Im}(\psi_1)|^2\,}\,}}
\end{align}
In your case, you have an explicit egienspinor as initial condition $\psi_0$, so componentwise, the time evolution is
\begin{align}
\psi_1 \,&=\, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \, \text{exp}\left(i\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \sin(\omega t)\right)\\
\psi_2 \,&=\, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \, \text{exp}\left(-i\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \sin(\omega t)\right)\\
\end{align}
Extract the necessary imaginary and real components
\begin{align}
\sqrt{2}\,\text{Im}(\psi_2) \, &= \,- \sin\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)\\
\sqrt{2}\,\text{Re}(\psi_2) \, &= \,\cos\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)\\
\sqrt{2}\,\text{Im}(\psi_1) \, &= \, \sin\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)\\
\end{align}
so, if I have not made calculation mistakes (maybe double check), the evolution of the spinor's rotation axis is given by
\begin{align}
u_x \,&=\, \frac{-\sin\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)}{\,\sqrt{\,1 \,+\, \sin^2\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)\,}\,}\\
u_y \,&=\, \frac{-\cos\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)}{\,\sqrt{\,1 \,+\, \sin^2\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)\,}\,}\\
u_z \,&=\, \frac{\sin\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)}{\,\sqrt{\,1 \,+\, \sin^2\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)\,}\,}\\
\end{align}
From these last expressions, you can see that the azimuthal and polar angles are
\begin{align}
\phi(t) \, &=\,\frac{\pi}{2} - \frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\\
\theta(t) \, &=\, \arccos\left(\, \frac{\sin\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)}{\,\sqrt{\,1 \,+\, \sin^2\left(\frac{\gamma B_0}{2\omega} \,\sin(\omega t)\right)\,}\,} \,\right)
\end{align}
