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How to connect theory of electricity and thermodynamics?

So to start, it is important to acknowledge that a system with some kind of flux or current (even in steady state) is out of equilibrium, and so there is no guarantee that fundamental thermodynamic ...
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Under what circumstances is "equality of osmotic pressure" functionally equivalent to "equality of osmolarity"?

If the semi-permeable membrane prevents diffusion of the solute, then equilibrium isn't determined by balancing the osmotic pressures of both sides of the container: the membrane itself exerts ...
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