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A mechanical or electronic system or device that works on the principles of oscillation, that is a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy. These range from abstract models such as a harmonic oscillator to electrical devices such as an LC circuit.
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Why are sine/cosine always used to describe oscillations?
Because cycles and oscillations and things with periodicity, are all intimately related to the circle. And $sin$ and $cos$ are defined based on the circle.