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{\partial P}{dy}\right)d{\sigma}= \int_{l}Pdx+Qdy=0 =>\frac{\partial P}{dy}=\frac{\partial Q}{ \partial x }\;$ in our case ,$P=\mu p\; , Q=\mu q$ ) -The thermodynamic part (formulas) see (in French) Thermodynamics …

We consider a motor operating cyclically between a hot(B=h) and a cold (A=c) source, according to the first and second principles of tehrmodynamics, for a dithermic engine, we have:$$\begin{cases} W+Q …

So not all cellular transport (separation:extracellular to intracellular or vice versa) mechanisms are energy consuming, there are passive mechanisms: Active transport is the movement of a substance …

Normally the small machine must contain a reservoir of water to humidify the air (humidifier), a small pump which circulates the water on wires,..., between which passes the current of air, a quantity …

I did not understand all of them, but I will make an ad hoc link:$$D=\bar{v}l=\bar{v}\frac{kT}{\bar{F}}$$ with:$\;\;\bar{F}l_{x}=kT\;\;,\;\;\bar{P}=\frac{N\bar{F}}{l_{y}l_{z}}\;\;,\;\;\bar{P}V=NkT\;\; …

According to your link $\mathbf{F}_{i}=-\frac{\partial \Phi_{i}^{ext}}{\partial q_{i}}$ the interaction potential $\Phi_{i,j} $ is assumed to be zero. we know that: $F=-\frac{\partial E}{\partial r}\; …

Thermometric scale: Consider a system characterized by two independent variables, $x$ and $y$ for example. When the values ​​of $x$ and $y$ remain constant, as long as the external environment is not …

I consulted wikipedia, I found the following definition $$df=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}}dx_{1}+...+\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{n}}dx_{n}$$ it is written after "In the one-dimensional case this …

In practice, the point 4 must be beyond the saturation curve (more to the right), it is an overheating of the gas to avoid a cold blow to the piston of the compressor. PS: It is necessary to limit the …

What literary translation is given to the notation : $c_{v}$ and $c_{p}$? c: specific heat capacity. v, p index : at constant volume, pressure. What is the use of adding the same symbol in the right …

In my opinion, it is necessary to read volume III of quantum mechanics, it is like being in an arid desert, all the provisions are good to have, a little different style but with the time one starts t …