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I suggest reading up on the 3rd Law of Thermodynamics for more info on this topic. It is the least talked about law, but addresses your situation. …

There's not a single answer. You can move in any direction from point 0 to point 1, and depending on the slope of that line you will have different relationships between $P$ and $V$, and between all t …

Depending on how you put boundaries on your system, yes. A pool of water that reaches a uniform temperature and cannot interact with anything else has none of what I would call exergy, and you are cal …

Fugacity = the pressure of an ideal gas with the same chemical potential as the real gas

B) If you're referring to the 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy), the universe as a whole does not obey conservation of energy. … The science of Thermodynamics takes CoE as a postulate that is assumed, and makes no attempt to derive it that I'm aware of. …

Your P-V diagram is correct, but the work done by the surrounding gas is only a small fraction of the total work done. The majority of the work is done by whatever force is holding the rod and piston …

Powder filled vacuum (I don't know if sand per se is used for this purpose) is in fact used in cryogenic insulation, and can be better than vacuum alone, because vacuum alone is susceptible to radiant …

If you know the entry $T_1$ and exit $T_2$ temperatures of the colder fluid, then the calculation is easy. The heat transferred to the colder fluid is nearly the equation you had: $$Q=\dot m c_p (T_2 …

The real formula for entropy change is: $$dS= \frac {\delta Q} T + \delta S_{irr} $$ where the second term captures changes due to irreversible processes – mixing, free expansion, friction, vorticity …

The specific heat ratio constant comes from the equation for a polytropic process: $$PV^k = \rm{constant} $$ $$ \implies {P_1V_1^k=P_2V_2^k}$$ This means an expansion or compression process, Where $k$ …

Entropy, to the extent it plays a role here at all, will push for everything to be equally mixed and evenly distributed everywhere. So it will push for equal dirt in the water, on the cloth, everythi …

I have actually done this very experiment, starting with a sealed, permeable vessel (Teflon) filled with helium at 1 atm surrounded by air at 1 atm. What happens is over several days the pressure fal …

I'd be surprised if that's the case with the motor and batt unless something else is happening. But even so electric and magnetic fields can "move" irrespective of objects moving. The Poynting vecto …

Before you sealed the box, the air inside and outside could communicate (exchange pressure waves), and so the pressure everywhere was 1 atm. If there were any minute differences, they would have exch …

In some thermodynamic contexts, the inverse temperature $\beta=1/T$ is a more meaningful quantity. This makes it more clear that 0 Kelvin, or $\beta = \infty$ is approachable but unattainable. And …