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In quantum mechanics, a unitary operator satisfies U<sup>†</sup> U = UU<sup>†</sup> = I, where † denotes Hermitean conjugation; such operators then specify Hilbert space automorphisms and preserve state norms, so then probability amplitudes and hence probabilities. Use for conservation of probability questions under unitary state transformations.
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Normal ordering constant value in String Theory and Old Covariant Quantization
Suppose you are approaching the quantization of the closed bosonic string for the first time (so we are in the so called Old Covariant Quantization (OCQ), and by now we know nothing about Lightcone qu …