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The research-level tag applies to questions that arise in graduate and post-secondary work. These questions often require domain-specific knowledge and could not be answered from a general source or may be beyond the level typically covered by Wikipedia and other popular sources. Research-level questions should not require new or groundbreaking research and results to answer.

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How can you distinguish between projections of quantum states?

Consider this problem in quantum cryptography: We have two pure states $\phi_1,\phi_2$ as input and constants $0 \leq \alpha <\beta \leq 1 $, where "Yes instances" are those for which $$\left|\left<\ …
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