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A unitary linear operator which resolves a function on $\mathbb{R}^N$ into a linear superposition of "plane wave functions". Most often used in physics for calculating the response of a time shift invariant linear system as the sum of its response to time harmonic excitation or for transforming a quantum state in position co-ordinates into one in momentum co-ordinates and contrawise. There is also a discrete, fast Fourier transform for discretised data.

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Fourier transform of the Coulomb potential

When trying to find the Fourier transform of the Coulomb potential $$V(\mathbf{r})=-\frac{e^2}{r}$$ one is faced with the problem that the resulting integral is divergent. Usually, it is then argued …
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