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Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the quantum field theory believed to describe electromagnetic interaction. It is the simplest example of a quantum gauge theory, where the gauge group is abelian, U(1).

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Is the physical mass of the electron a gauge invariant quantity?

In Lattice, one cannot calculate gauge non-invariant quantities, such as the quark mass. This is because one averages over the gauge and gets 0. One way to get around the issue is to fix the gauge. B …
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