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The observable universe of a given observer encompasses the volume of space from which information - particles, radiation - could ever (past, present or future) reach that observer.
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votes
Ambiguity in applying Newton's shell theorem in an infinite homogeneous universe
The problem lies in the boundary conditions. Ignoring factors of $G$ and $\pi$, gauss's law of gravitation relates the gravitational potential $\Phi$ to the mass density $\rho$ by
$$\rho=-\nabla^2 \Ph …