Pulling some highlights from Alves’ detailed answer:


**Q3: Maxwell Equations**

The four Maxwell Equations (five relationships) are best understood as:

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1.Electric charges *cause* electric fields that converge/diverge to/from the charge: $$\nabla \cdot \vec{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0} $$ 

(In other words, charges attract/repel: $F_{1,2}= k_e \frac{q_1q_2 }{r^2}$)

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2.Currents *cause* magnetic fields that curl around the current: $$\underbrace{\nabla {\times} \vec{B} = \mu_0 \vec{J}}~\text{ } ~(+  \mu_0\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec{E}}{\partial t})$$

(In other words, currents attract/repel: $F_{1,2}= \mu_0 \frac{\vec{I_1}\cdot\vec{I_2}L}{2\pi r}$)

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3.Magnetic field lines are always closed, with no sources or drains of field: $$\nabla \cdot \vec{B} =0 $$


(Quite straightforward until here.)

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4.The electric field curls around changes in the magnetic field: 
$$\nabla \times \vec{E} = \frac{-\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$$

This is a consequence, but during Maxwell is considered an additional relationship. 

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5.The magnetic field curls around changes in the electric field:

$$\underbrace{\nabla {\times} \vec{B} = \mu_0\varepsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec{E}}{\partial t} }~\text{ } ~(+  \mu_0 \vec{J})$$

This is a consequence, but during Maxwell is considered an additional relationship. 

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From Jefimenko's equations we know that 4., 5. are not causal - not from the curl to the derivative nor vice versa. The terms are due to current variations affecting each field individually. But without fields, the analysis is more difficult. If fields (Maxwell) are used, the terms in 2 and 5 must both be included. 

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**Q1**

A. Electric charges exist, and attract/repel. We can call the would-be force per unit-charge from them, the “electric field”.

**True**, and furthermore currents also attract/repel. We can call the would-be force from a current on another current if it was present, the “magnetic field”. 

B. No monopole “magnetic charges” exist?

**Partly True**. Normally yes, and until recently was true everywhere. Now magnetic monopoles are an active line of research in both Particle Physics and Condensed Matter Physics.


C. In addition to charges, electric fields can also be made from the magnetic field changing at that point?

**Not Technically True** See **Q3** 


D. Magnetic fields put force on moving charges

**True, and as a direct cause. Currents put forces on other currents**

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**Q2**

**False, from all perspectives**

Under Maxwell, the effect on $B$ from current and $\frac{\partial \vec{E}}{\partial t}$ are separate terms. Both aspects must be considered.