I'm currently reading a book on optics, and have encountered a curious section: > $$\nu = \nu'\sqrt{1-\frac{u^2}{c^2}} = \nu'\left(1-\frac{u^2}{2c^2}+\ldots\right)$$ > This is the formula for the *transverse Doppler shift*, giving the frequency change when the relative motion is at right angles to the direction of observation. The transverse Doppler shift is a second-order effect and is **therefore very difficult to measure.** It has been verified by using the Mossbauer effect with gamma radiation from radioactive atoms. What about this specific effect makes it difficult to measure? I understand that the text says it is because it is a second-order effect, but it's not clear to me why that makes a correction term so much more difficult to observe. Is there a good elucidation on the reasons behind this?