Questions tagged [wick-rotation]
Wick rotation substitutes an imaginary-number variable for a real-number time variable to map an expression or a problem in Minkowski space to one in Euclidean space which are easier to evaluate or solve. Use for all types of rigid analytic continuation maps.
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The imaginary time [duplicate]
Some people work with the interpretation that the time basis vector has magnitude sqrt(-1) to justify the negative sign in a -+++ Minkowski metric signature.
I came across a Youtube comment that ...
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2answers
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Wick rotation: still trouble in getting how it works
I'm preparing my second exam in QFT and I still have trouble in getting the Wick rotation and its analytic continuation. I know that this topic have been discussed a lot in previous threads, but I ...
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Lorentz transformations: new actual notation for a $4$-vector [duplicate]
For the Lorentz trasformations I use this notation
\begin{equation*}
\left\{\begin{aligned}
x&=\gamma (x'+\beta ct')\\
y&=y'\\
z&=z'\\
ct&=\gamma (ct'+\beta x')\\
\end{aligned}\right.
...
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Wick rotation graphically
We have to evaluate
$$i\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) dt.$$
We can make a change of variable $t\mapsto -i\tau$, which results in
$$\int_{-i\infty}^{i\infty} f(-i\tau) d\tau.$$
If we now multiply the ...
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1answer
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Wick rotation convergence. Functions in the integrand
Performing a Wick rotation over an integral is not equivalent to just a change of variable $t \to \mathrm{i}t = \tau$, after that we rotate the complex plane so that
$$\mathrm{i} \int_{-\infty}^{\...
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Showing $I=\int d^3k\int dk^0\frac{1}{k^4}$ to be logarithmically divergent
Consider a momentum integral of the form $$I=\int d^3k\int dk^0\frac{1}{k^4}$$ where $k^2=(k^0)^2-(\vec{k})^2$ and the integral over $k^0$ runs from $-\infty$ to $+\infty$. This integral is common in ...
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Can conformal transformations in $\mathbb{R}^{1,1}$ be analytically continued to $\mathbb{R}^{2,0}$?
In 1+1 dimensions, 2D Minkowski space, a conformal transformation is given by two real functions (of one variable). After Wick rotating the time dimension, giving us 2 dimensional Euclidean space, ...
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What's the relation between Euclidean and Minkowski entities in lattice field theory?
To my understanding, lattice QFT basically continues the time $t$ (and fields depend on it) in Minkowski space action to imaginary time $\tau\equiv it$. But normally when we do calculations in lattice ...
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Convergence Property of Path-Integral
Let the action be $$S= \int \bigg\{ \frac{1}{2} \big(\frac{dX}{dt}\big)^2 - V(X) \bigg\} d\tau$$
and the corresponding Path-Integral
$$Z= \int DX(t) e^{iS}.$$
Since the convergence is not clear we ...
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What is the physical interpretation of the Wick rotation?
What is the physical interpretation of the Wick rotation?
How is it that we can just propose there's a new time coordinate tau? Are physicists saying time is modeled by an imaginary number? Isn't ...
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Imaginary time concept in S.Hawking's No Boundary proposal, extra-time dimensions and the Big Bang
In this post I will be refering to S.Hawking's lecture: http://www.hawking.org.uk/the-beginning-of-time.html
I have a couple of questions regarding the Imaginary time and the Big Bang.
In the ...
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Time Reversal of electric field in Euclidean signature (Wick Rotation)
This is a follow up to this question: How to Perform Wick Rotation in the Lagrangian of a Gauge Theory (like QCD)?
I am wondering if their (6), using that $E^i_M = F^{0i}_M = i F^{0i}_E = i E^i_E$, ...
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Difference between different approximations in QM and other definition of the integral
I am currently studying the path integral formalism by myself and I am a bit lost within all the different way to solve the integrals we have. I have one big question:
It sounds maybe a bit strange ...
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1answer
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Integral and Wick rotation (Srednicki ch75)
I was reading chapter 75 of Srednicki's QFT book and I ran into this statement.
To determine the value of its integral, we
make a Wick rotation to euclidean space, which yields a factor of i as
...
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1answer
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Question about differentiating wrt. momentum in Srednicki chapter 14
I am having a bit of trouble following a simple integral from the book on QFT by Mark Srednicki - free draft can be accessed at http://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~mark/qft.html - and I was hoping you could ...
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Wick rotation vs. Feynman $i\varepsilon$-prescription
The generating functional $Z[J]$ of some scalar field theory is
\begin{equation}
Z[J(t,\vec{x})]=\int \mathcal{D}\phi e^{i\int (\mathcal{L}+J\phi)d^4x}
\end{equation}
This integral is not well ...
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A Naive Question about Delta Function and Wick Rotation
A delta function can be written as
$$\delta(x)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}dp\,e^{ipx}.$$
I have a very poor understanding of the Wick rotation technique used in quantum field theory. ...
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1answer
185 views
Feynman $i\varepsilon$-prescription in path integral by adding an imaginary part to time
It is known that the well-definiteness of the path integral leads to the Feynman's $i\varepsilon$-prescription for the field propagator. I've found many ways of showing this in the literature, but it ...
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Would the time dependent wave equation of a free particle be the same in 4D Euclidean spacetime as it is in 4D Minkowski spacetime?
In 4d minkowski spacetime the time dependent wave equation of a free particle is $$\Psi(x,t) = \left({a \over a + i\hbar t/m}\right)^{3/2} e^{- {x^2\over 2(a + i\hbar t/m)} }.$$ I notice that there ...
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Should we start from Euclidean QFT if we are to be rigorous? [closed]
Path integral is only rigorous in Euclidean QFT. This suggests that one should start from Eucliden QFT and transport back the results back into Minkowski time. Is this how I should think of QFT?
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1answer
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What is the link between statistical and QFT correlation functions?
I'm studying statistical mechanics in particular correlation function:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function_(statistical_mechanics)
and I have understood it. Now searching on internet ...
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1answer
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Wick rotation of the propagator in quantum mechanics
I am told that making the substitution $t\to-i\tau$, or a 'Wick rotation', can be used to study the propagator in imaginary time, making some problems easier. For example, this source proposes that we ...
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2answers
158 views
Functional derivative for the same function expressed before and after Wick rotation
This question arises when I'm reading section "3.3.1 Minkowski Space" of page 16-17 of the following document: http://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/people/JohnCardy/qft/qftcomplete.pdf
On page 17, they ...
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Deriving the generating function in Minkowski space
I will be referring to the following document (page 16-17): http://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/people/JohnCardy/qft/qftcomplete.pdf
I would like to understand the expression of the generating ...
3
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1answer
158 views
Using Wick Rotation to calculate Generating Function in Minkowski Space
The question arises when I'm reading over the section "3.3.1 Minkowski Space" in page 16-17 in the following link: https://www-thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/people/JohnCardy/qft/qftcomplete.pdf
It is ...
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Can we do a Wick rotation by an angle not being $\pi/2$?
If a state obeys an evolution equation, we can replace t by -t. we get another equation and it is interesting to study its solutions.
it we replace t by it (wick rotation) we get again another ...
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Analytic cotinuation between Minkowskian and Euclidean space, and causality
We can flip between Minkowkian and Euclidean signature by Wick rotation, and it is a well defined operation, provided there are no non - trivial singularities.
Now, Unitarity in Minkowskian space ...
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Two possibilities for Wick rotation
$\newcommand{\ld}{\mathcal{L}}\newcommand{\adj}[1]{#1^\dagger}\newcommand{\dc}[1]{\overline{#1}}\newcommand{\Psi}{\varPsi}\newcommand{\dd}{\mathrm{d}}$Take a typical Lagrangian density defined over ...
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D'Alembertian Green's Function and Wick Rotation
Consider the wave equation:
$$ \square A(t,x^i) = S(t,x^i) , $$
where
$\square = -\partial_\mu \partial^\mu = \partial_t ^2 - \nabla^2 $,
$S(t,x^i)$ is the source term and $A(t,x^i)$ is the field of ...
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1answer
58 views
Reality properties of auxiliary fields after Wick rotation
I was reading the treatment of the large $N$ limit of the Non-Linear Sigma Model (NLSM) in Peskin & Schroeder, Sec. 13.3, and I noticed something strange in the evaluation of the path-integral by ...
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Euclidean QFT definition
I have a question on Euclidean field theories and their relationship with QFT defined on a Minkowski spacetime.
In order to compute the generating function $Z$, one has to compute the integral
$$Z = ...
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Extra $i$ in grand canonical partition function: why the Wick rotation?
Going through my notes I stumbled upon something I can't wrap my head around.
I'd like to write the grand canonical partition function for a system of identical charged particles (charge $e$) ...
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Is Wick rotation of loop integrals legitimate?
In Feynman diagram calculations, we seem to invariably Euclideanise loop integrals in order to exploit the resulting spherical symmetry. This Wick rotation is simply a deformation of the contour; ...
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1answer
277 views
Wick-rotating the Fourier transform of $\mu+1$ propagators
In Equation (8) of this paper by Groote et. al., we are given the following Euclidean identity:
$$
\int \frac{d^{4}\mathbf{p}_{\mathrm{E}}}{(2\pi)^{4}} \frac{e^{ i \mathbf{p}_{\mathrm{E}} \cdot \...
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0answers
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Connection between contra-/covariant vectors in SR and complex numbers?
If we take a spacetime with one spatial dimension, we can write a vector as $A^\mu=(t, x)$. This is a contravariant vector, and we can calculate the covariant vector by multiplying it with the ...
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1answer
286 views
Is there any physical meaning for such a correlation function?
Consider a thermal scalar field theory, we have the partition functional
$$Z={\rm tr}(e^{-\beta H}).$$
We can build this theory as an Euclidean quantum field theory
$$Z=\int\mathcal{D}\Phi\,e^{-S_E[\...
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0answers
90 views
How to numerically implement a Wick rotation?
I'm solving a Schroedinger-type differential equation using numerical methods (RK4 for precision, explicit Euler to get a rough idea). I have an initial condition to start. I understand that replacing ...
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1answer
137 views
Does imaginary time actually not “generalize to curved space”, or is it merely messy to generalize?
I've run into the statement that imaginary time does not generalize to curved space, and other contradictory statements that imaginary time can be used with curved space but only awkwardly. Which is ...
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Equivalence of $d$ dimensional quantum system to $d+1$ dimension stats system
" There are close analogies between quantum field
theories in d dimensions and classical statistical mechanics in d + 1."
What does this statement imply and from where does this extra dimension ...
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2answers
390 views
Wick rotations, convergence and Feynman propagators?
It is said (in e.g. Hawking, 1979, Euclidean quantum gravity) that the integral:
$$ \int \mathcal{D}\phi \exp(iS[\phi])\tag{1} $$
for real fields in Minkowski space does not converge, but the Wick ...
asked Dec 17 '17 at 11:38
Quantum spaghettification
1,2637 gold badges31 silver badges95 bronze badges
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2answers
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Why is the path integral action not real in most condensed matter QFT?
The partition function in statistical physics $Z=Tr\exp(-\beta H)$, with the second quantized Hamiltonian like
$$
H=\sum \epsilon_k c_k^\dagger c_k
+...$$
can be represented by using the path-...
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0answers
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Causality and wick rotation
What is the connection between causality and wick rotation?
I came across implication of this connection multiple times but can't find a rigorous explanation.
For example in the answer to Wick ...
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2answers
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Gaussian integral with imaginary coefficients and Wick rotation
Although this question is going to seem completely trivial to anyone with any exposure to path integrals, I'm looking to answer this precisely and haven't been able to find any materials after looking ...
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0answers
388 views
Temperature of Kerr black hole and conical singularity
For spherical static black holes, for example, the metric may take the form
\begin{equation}
ds^2=-f(r)dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{f(r)}+r^2d\Omega^2_d
\end{equation}
One can use conical singularity method to ...
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votes
3answers
399 views
Why did Einstein put a negative sign in the Pythagorean theorem? [duplicate]
In 4-dimensional spacetime, when we study the spacetime interval, why did Einstein put a negative sign in it?
$$x_1=x$$
$$x_2=y$$
$$x_3=z$$
$$x_4=ct$$
$$ds^2=dx^2+dy^2+dz^2-(cdt)^2$$
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2answers
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Least action principle in imaginary time
In quantum mechanics, the amplitude of wave function propagation can be found using the Feynman's path integral
$$
\langle z'|e^{-itH/\hbar}|z\rangle=\int\limits_{x(0)=z\\x(t)=z'} Dx(t')\:
\exp\left\{\...
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2answers
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Euclidean QFT commutator vanishes for all spacetime separations?
In Minkowski spacetime, the commutator of the Klein-Gordon field operator with itself at different spacetime points evaluates to the advanced minus retarded Green's function of the classical theory,
...
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1answer
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How to expand the Dirac equation?
I've been reading a little bit of the Dirac Equation and I'm a little confussed about how it shall be expaned.
The dirac equation has the form of
$$i\hbar \gamma^{\mu} \partial_{\mu} \Psi -mc \Psi = ...
2
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2answers
266 views
Finding classical action in tunneling problem
In QM: I am trying to show that the minimum action for a classical path going between two potential wells (centered at $\pm L$) in a dbl-well potential is
$$S_{classical} = \int_{-L}^{L} dx' \sqrt{...
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1answer
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Topological problems with Lorentzian metric on worldsheet
In string theory we study maps $X: \Sigma \to M$, where $\Sigma$ is the two dimensional worldsheet of the string and $M$ is the target manifold. When studying non-linear sigma models, for instance ...
