Questions tagged [ions]
The ions tag has no usage guidance.
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Does ambient radiation cause air to emit light?
In a cloud chamber, atoms of air are ionized by passing radiation, providing nucleation sites that enable droplets to form. When those atoms are de-excited, one would expect them to release light; ...
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Does a moving atom with a nuclear magnetic moment generate an electric field?
I have read that moving ions generate a magnetic field as it moves.
Similarly, is this also true regarding the nuclear magnetic moments of the atom? In other words, would a moving atom with a nuclear ...
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Effective ionic conductivity of composite
Suppose I have two ionic conductors, such as two ionic solids, each with a well defined specific conductivity.
If I take a piece of length $L$ from each conductor and put the two pieces in contact, ...
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How is the specific impulse of a gridded ion thruster derived?
How is the specific impulse of a gridded ion thruster derived?
I've searched and got a variety of answers and Bard gives a different answer each time I ask it.
Too the best that I can reckon it's:
1/9....
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Viability of generators and electromagnetics based solely on ionic liquids
The background to this question lies in the science fiction novel "The Day the Machines Stopped" by Christopher Anvil (1964), where somehow an experiment gone wrong causes the laws of ...
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What physical property does the crossover frequency in an ionic conductor represent; why is conductivity constant below and increasing above it?
After reading an article about ionic transport1, I remain confused about why the behavior illustrated in Fig. 1 of the article happens. (Figure 1 is shown below.)
Specifically, why is the conductivity ...
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What are the light emissions from an ion engine?
Consider an ion thruster like a DS4G (Dual-Stage 4 Grid) thruster. Gas is released, ionized, and accelerated. Assume it's in a vacuum, be it a chamber or space. Also assume the propellant is Xenon.
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Why ions can't stay in metal?
Let's look at the following image.
On the left side, we got metal of Zn atoms. They want to lose 2 electrons, hence from the right side, Cu2+ attracts them. Due to this, Zn becomes Zn2-. Now, the ...
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Can an ion thruster work without applied voltage?
In this image, power is used to apply voltage to the charged grids.
But if no voltage is applied, would ions still be accelerated by Coulomb forces to create thrust? If not, why?
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Is there any acceleration of ions going through two electrostatic grids? [closed]
An ion is shot through two grids, one positively charged, the other negative. The positive one has much more charge than the negative one. Let's hypothetically assume both grids have zero applied ...
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How can I concentrate ions in a very small area?
I am interested in concentrating ions in a very small area, so the ion density of that region is elevated above normal levels.
What is the field of study, or term, that describes what I am talking ...
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Dense plasma focus at ambient air pressure
About a year ago I read a paper stating that a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) could operate at ambient air pressure. But I can't find the paper anymore and what I've found in online journals seems ...
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Dirac equation for solving $\rm H^-$ anion
Let's try to solve 1 dimensional Dirac equation for a $\rm H^-$ anion. If you solve the time independent Dirac equation and allow motion of electrons only in the $x$ axis you get:
$$-\chi\frac{d\Psi_{...
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Analog implementation of the Lipkin-Meskov-Glick using molmer soresen gates
I am making an analog implementation of the following Hamiltonian in Molmer Soresen gates and I would like to know if it would be possible to introduce the term dependent on S_z by varying the ...
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Can you control where the electron from an ionised atom goes?
I was just researching about how atoms can be ionised to remove the electron from an atom. Can you determine (or even control) where that electron goes (eg. conduct it with copper)? Thanks!
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Will removing an outermost electron from the outermost orbital of an atom change the orbital geometry?
Does $\text{He}^+$ and $\text{He}$ have different orbitals?
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Why are atoms electrically neutral?
I get the grade-school explanation that "the number of electrons equals the number of protons", but the electric field drops off with distance. If the protons are concentrated in the nucleus ...
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What is the difference between ionic conductivity and electrical conductivity in an electrolyte?
If we apply an AC current to a conductor it creates an associated alternating magnetic field around it. That's the theory. Additionally, when a current passes through the conductor, there is some ...
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Could you use a synchrotron particle accelerator in a descending spiral pattern to create ion thrust for space travel?
Would it be theoretically possible to use a synchrotron particle accelerator that utilizes a spiral pattern to create ion thrust for space travel?
In this scenario, ions would be accelerated in a ...
user355783
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What are the absorption and emission spectra of $\rm H^+$ ion (a proton)?
Does $\rm H^+$ even produce emission spectrum without an electron?
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What makes an ion source high brightness?
The spectral brightness of an ion beam is defined as $$βs = \frac{I_Ω}{d_v \times ΔE}$$ where $I_Ω$ is the angular current density, $dᵥ$ is the virtual source, and $ΔE$ is the energy spread. But how ...
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What happens when a positively charged ion such as $\rm{O}_2^+$ hits an electrically neutral or positive surface?
The ionized molecule is ionized by electron bombardment. Considering this problem in a rough vacuum (let's say 0.3 Pa as to somewhat limit background noise if it affects the question), at average ...
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Ion Neutralization Probabilities On Contact with Physical Surface
I'm trying to understand the mathematics around ion neutralization probabilities on contact with surfaces.
Here's my current thinking: I know that a gas ion has kinetic energy and a positive charge ...
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Do ions in solution flow through wires in electric circuit?
In typical electric circuit where we have for example a battery and a light bulb, electrons travel through whole circuit. But what does travel when we use two electrodes and a battery in e.g. NaCl ...
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How electrolytes conducts electricity?
While studying electrochemistry, I came across two key points that I'm unable to understand.
why does DC alone break down the electrolytic liquid
and
b) Why doesn't AC do the same?
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Force on a test charge inside a cell
Considering test charge inside a cell. Let the cell be in an open circuit. I know that a potential difference will develop between the two electrodes of the cell. If I take a test charge and place it ...
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Can an oil drop in a Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment only have a negative charge?
Wikipedia and Britannica seem to say the drops in a Millikan oil drop experiment are always negative, but can't ionization processes can either knock off or add electrons to the drop?
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Can plasma be formed entirely by ions?
Plasma can be formed by an altogether combination of ions, free electrons, atoms, and molecules. Searching a little bit on the internet I found that plasma can't be formed entirely by electrons, ...
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What is the second excited state of $H^{-}$?
Not considering the electronic spin, the degeneracy of the second excited state of H-atom is 9, while the degeneracy of the second excited state of $H^{-}$ is :
The only thing that I need to solve ...
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How does cosmic rays influence aerosol growth?
I have read about aerosol formation increasing due to ionisation but unable to understand what actually goes into the process? Can someone please explain how cosmic rays help in aerosol formation? ...
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How does partialy ionized plasma affect covalent bonds
During partial ionization in plasmas, do diatomic molecules like H2 dissociate into monoatomic states because of the changing states of electron orbitals (exited/ground)?
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Examining isotope shift in ions vs neutral atoms - why use ions?
I'm currently deep-diving isotope shift (IS) spectroscopy literature. I've come across several papers that look at the isotope shifts of charged ions, and I want to try and understand why researchers ...
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Why does electrolytic conductance increase with dilution?
We are only talking about strong electrolytes.
According to my book, conductance increases slightly due to dilution.
Explanation given by my book:
On the one hand, in a dilute solution, the number of ...
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Charge in atoms in bond
Let us think of a covalent bond between two atoms $A$ and $B$. Since in covalent bond,sharing of electrons take place, valence eletrons of one atom behave as the electrons of the other atom. So since $...
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Positive charge in electrostatics
We know that all charges are caused by excess or shortage if electrons. Since electrons are negatively charged, it makes sense seeing negative charges in motion which we usually see in electrostatics. ...
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What is unit system in this reduction process?
I have read "The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids", which is published in 1985 about ion implantation. There is a equation in P.53 :
$$
\varepsilon=\frac{32.53M_2E_0}{Z_1Z_2(M_1+M_2)(Z_1^...
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If lightning is caused by ionisation of air, why does it only last briefly?
I'm comparing lightning and fire - both are related to ionisation of air but lightning happens so fast in a blink of an eye while fire goes on until it runs out of fuel. My question is: despite being ...
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A question regarding how ion thrusters work
The positively charged ions migrate toward grids that contain thousands of very precisely aligned holes (apertures) at the aft end of the ion thruster. The first grid is the positively charged ...
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How are the electrons able to overcome the significant force of attraction of the ions?
The cause of electrical resistance(in a metal) is electrons colliding with themselves and the positive ions. So if the electrons collide with the positive ions, how are they able to overcome the ...
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How does salt lowers the freezing point of water?
At 0 degree Celsius, water molecules slow down enough to bond with each other and ice starts to form. By adding more salt or sodium chloride the freezing point of water becomes even lower, why is that?...
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What is the difference between band gap and first ionisation energy?
To me both the band gap and first ionisation energy seems to be the same thing as both are the energy required to remove the valence electron from the atom. So I am confused whether they b are the ...
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How does higher concentration leads to higher internal resistance in the cell?
Concise Physics mentions that:
Higher the concentration of the electrolyte greater is the internal
resistance(in a cell).
I think that higher the concentration of the electrolyte higher would be the ...
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How come the number of wandering electrons is same as the number of the positive ions?
My book mentions the following:
Cause of resistance : When an ion of a metal is formed , its atoms lose electrons from its outer orbit . A metal ( or conductor ) has a large number of wandering ...
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How to relate laser pulse characteristics to the degrees of ionization of a target (i.e. how many electrons get removed per atom)?
Say I have a lithium foil as a target for a laser. Li has $3$ protons and $3$ electrons and therefore $3$ degrees of ionization associated with $3$ ionization energies (for removing the first, second ...
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Does salting water make it less diamagnetic?
I read some where that adding salt to water makes it less diamagnetic, but I've checked and water, sodium and chlorine ions are all diamagnetic. If salt water really is less diamagnetic, how is it so?...
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Electrons produced in water by ionizing radiation vs. electrons due to electrostatic charge: are they equally reactive?
It is known that one of the things generated in water or aqueous solutions by the ionizing radiations are free electrons that quickly become "hydrated" or "aqueous electrons" (see ...
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How can radiation negatively ionize an atom?
Ionizing radiation, as I've learnt it, ionizes an atom by supplying enough energy to essentially "knock" an electron off the atom — that is, by exciting the electron to a level that is gets ...
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Charged ions distribution in a cylindrical container
In a cylindrical container of radius $R$ and height $h\ll R$, with vertical axis, is contained an ionized gas (total sum of the charges $=0$). The particles with positive charge $q>0$ have mass $M$ ...
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Which type of material would I have to study to get a deep understanding of the ionization phenomenon?
I've been collecting basic information about the phenomenon of ionization. I know what it is and its sources and types (as well as the type of particles that can cause it). However, it is my goal to ...
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What is the strength of Coulomb crystals?
Coulomb crystals are solid crystals made of ions embedded in an electron gas. They constitute much of white dwarfs and the crust of neutron stars. In the case of neutron stars it is known that they ...
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