Most images you see of the solar system are 2D and all planets orbit in the same plane. In a 3D view, are really all planets orbiting in similar planes? Is there a reason for this? I'd expect that the orbits distributed all around the sun, in 3D.
Has an object made by man (a probe) ever left the Solar System?
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7$\begingroup$ welcome to physics.SE! Please try to ask only one question per ... question ;-) That way it's easier to determine the correct/best answer $\endgroup$– Tobias KienzlerCommented Apr 12, 2011 at 13:24
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1$\begingroup$ Incidentally, this is part of why Pluto was "demoted" from planethood--it orbits with an appreciable angle with respect to the ecliptic, unlike the eight planets. $\endgroup$– Zo the RelativistCommented Apr 12, 2011 at 13:41
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1$\begingroup$ short form of @Nic's link: shatters.net/celestia (no need to tell google everything. Did I mention I hate this automatic clipboard replacement behaviour?) $\endgroup$– Tobias KienzlerCommented Apr 12, 2011 at 14:21
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$\begingroup$ The first subquestion(v4) is a duplicate of physics.stackexchange.com/q/26083/2451 $\endgroup$– Qmechanic ♦Commented Sep 30, 2012 at 14:06
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$\begingroup$ @Qmechanic Although that was asked 4 months after this question. $\endgroup$– a06eCommented Sep 30, 2012 at 20:33
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5 Answers
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Nic and Approximist's answers hit the main points, but it's worth adding an additional word on the reason the orbits lie roughly in the same plane: Conservation of angular momentum.
The Solar System began as a large cloud of stuff, many times larger than its current size. It had some very slight initial angular momentum -- that is, it was, on average, rotating about a certain axis. (Why? Maybe just randomly! All of the constituents were flying around, and if you add up those random motions, there'll generically be some nonzero angular momentum.) Because angular momentum is conserved, as the cloud collapsed the rotation rate sped up (the usual example being the figure skater who pulls in her arms as she spins, and speeds up accordingly).
Further collapse in the direction perpendicular to the plane of rotation doesn't change the angular momentum, but collapse in the other directions would change it. So the collapse turns the initial cloud, whatever its shape, into a pancake. The planets formed out of that pancake.
By the way, you can see the signs of that initial angular momentum in other things too: not only are all of the planets orbiting in roughly the same plane, but so are most of their moons, and most of the planets' rotations about their axes as well.
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3$\begingroup$ nice answer, Uranus rotates in a very funny direction and this suggests something significant has happened to disturb its rotation. $\endgroup$– NicCommented Apr 12, 2011 at 14:34
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$\begingroup$ Right! I have a lousy memory for which planet(s) have anomalous rotations, but I knew there were some. $\endgroup$– Ted BunnCommented Apr 12, 2011 at 14:51
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2$\begingroup$ Uranus orbits on the same plane and in the same direction as the other planets. It's rotation about it's axis is odd as it's practically laying on it's side and rolling along like a ball rolled on the ground, as opposed to like a spinning top. Venus, however, is the real oddball, as it rotates about it's axis in the opposite direction of the rest of the planets (retrograde rotation), like it's completely upside down or rotating backwards. $\endgroup$– PhoenixCommented Apr 12, 2011 at 19:12
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$\begingroup$ Just one thing I didn't get clearly: Why the rotations of the planets about their own axes are also in similar planes? $\endgroup$– a06eCommented Apr 12, 2011 at 23:20
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1$\begingroup$ @becko -- you're right that that wasn't clear from my explanation. The collapse to a pancake happens before the planets form. Velocities in the perpendicular direction are much smaller than velocities in the plane. The motion of the cloud is a more-or-less uniform "swirling" around the rotation axis. $\endgroup$– Ted BunnCommented Apr 13, 2011 at 13:24
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More or less yes. The planets mostly orbit in the same plane but with small deviations compared to the size of the system. The largest relative tilt is around 4 to 6 degrees. This 'flatness' is due to orbital mechanics, where the solar system started spherical it now has 'decayed' into a flat disc. This disc is essentially a stable low energy configuration and therefore the system has become more and more disc like over time.
The Voyager 1 probe is 'leaving' the solarsystem as we speak but there is no real firm boundary and so it's hard to give a definitive answer.
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1$\begingroup$ 2) depending on the definition of the boundary, Voyager 2 and Pioneer 10 and 11, too $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 12, 2011 at 13:35
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$\begingroup$ largest relative tilt is mercury 7 degrees $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 12, 2011 at 14:36
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The orbital planes of different planets has small inclinations to the ecliptic plane. The corresponding wikipedia diagram should give a better view than the 2D images you've seen.
Both Voyager 1 and 2 are beyond the Solar System
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2$\begingroup$ If you include Voyager 2, you might as well include Pioneer 10&11, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Outersolarsystem-probes-4407b.svg $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 12, 2011 at 13:36
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We don't know, but there what I gather is the typical pattern of hypothesis, accretion disc theory, which attempts to find a model dynamic that could explain what we see, particularly in our own solar system, which is the only one we have very complete information about. In addition to seeing that our own solar system's planets all orbit in the same plane, we can also observe many disc distributions around other strong gravity wells, which we also call accretion discs.
As I understand it, the reason for most orbiting matter to end up in the same plane goes something like this:
I think the assumption is that there was a lot of dust fairly homogenously distributed over a region greater than the solar system. Conglomerations convert the dust into a random distribution of globs and gravity eventually pulls most of the globs into larger globs (protoplanets) which have growing escape velocities while enough dust remains. The globs combine until most of the mass is in one large concentration or another, typicaly one largest one, but sometimes two or more.
Just as gravity pulls most nearby dust at a similar velocity into the largest local accumultation, joining it, a system full of globs (orbiting a protostar in a random spherical cloud of orbits) would have the globs interacting with each other by gravity, resulting in unstable paths and more and more collisions. The more an orbit gets randomly changed, the more likelihood of it hitting something (proto-star or proto-planet globs) and joining it, and also cancelling some velocity in the collision. Even though inertia would still fall towards a random cloud of orbits in no particular plane, once the cloud randomly ends up with any amount of concentration of large globs in the same rough plane, that plane will have more net attraction, and more chances for collision capture, than other planes, and as that plane captures matter from orbits in other planes, the deviation will get absorbed in collisions, and the matter in that plane itself will be pulling on the other matter in that plane, resulting in more and more deviation-cancelling collisions in that plane. I.e. It would be a positive feedback loop effect. However, the stages and numbers involved though are all unknown, so even if the theory makes sense, the actual situation might not tend to work out that way, because the theoretical effect might not be anywhere near enough in practice to have the result we see. We don't know both because we don't know the details of the initial state that formed our star or others, and I think it would be a daunting task to try to model the progress of any such over so much time (and to do it many times to see trends and possibilities).
There is also an effect where energy taken from the rotational momentum of matter being pulled into a mass is released in bipolar jets, which I don't quite get the physics of, but others do, and there are spectacular observations clearly showing it.
A possibility that occurs to me, is that maybe what actually happened, either just in our case, or maybe in most or all star formation, is that two enormous dust fields with different overall velocities intersected - that intersection (it seems to me) would tend to be a plane locally, and would result in friction, velocities and concentrations focused in one plane from the start. Maybe dust clouds stay dust clouds except where two dust clouds with different velocities and sufficient density meet in the right way, and this tends to lead to an orbital plane, along with the tendencies in the accretion disc theory.
However, having said all that and looking through various articles to check it, I ran into a pretty great site full of explanations of things with an Accretion Discs section that goes into lots of detail, which I highly recommend: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Accretion_discs
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The solar system was a ball of gas initially and all these gas particles wanted to clump together and compress itself to minimise gravitational potential energy. But to do this it needed to preserve some symmetries.
The ball of gas, due to some reason, had an initial rotation about some axis. This rotation had an axis of symmetry (which is time-invariant, due to angular momentum conservation), and gravity had radial symmetry. The only way to preserve both these symmetries while self compressing in a $3$ dimensional space is to form a disk.
