# What are the fields produced around a current carrying conductor?

If you consider a current carrying conductor, every instant an electron enters the conductor, another electron will be leaving the conductor. Thus, the current carrying conductor will not be charged (i.e. it would not have any net positive or negative charge). Remember a dipole has zero net charge, but it does have electric field around it (although the net electric field around a dipole drops to insignificance as the distance increases to multiples of the dipole separation). So, if net charge is zero, it doesn't mean there is no electric field, only that it is small (i.e. largely cancelled because every electron in the conductor is paired as a dipole), and gets rapidly smaller with distance.

It is important to notice that, if we assume only electrons to be moving, and kernels (positive nuclei) to be static, the magnetic field will be produced only due to electrons.

The speed at which energy or signals travel down a conductor is actually the speed of the electromagnetic wave, not the movement of electrons (this is an modified statement extracted from wiki encyclopedia-speed of electricity).

Does it mean that an electric field and magnetic field exist around the current carrying conductor?
Or
Does it mean that only a magnetic field exists around the current carrying conductor?

NOTE
By the discussion until now (2/11/2013), I have found a difference in answers with respect to AC and DC. Can everyone update their answers with respect to both the cases (AC and DC)?

• Presumably, since this is not a superconductor, there's a electric field inside the conductor - why are these electrons flowing? That field cannot sharply end at the edge of the conductor. – MSalters Oct 21 '13 at 10:56
• a bit Related – user28737 Oct 27 '13 at 11:39
• I am an experimentalist. There do not exist appreciable electric fields outside current carrying wires. We are all doing the experiment continually just by typing on the computer to communicate on this page. There would be sparks continually. So we can only talk of fields smaller than the ionization energy of air, or our skin. – anna v Nov 2 '13 at 6:05
• @annav The computer example is not true for everyone :D . There are continual sparks from my laptop as I type and they sting. But they are of course related to fields generated by lousy earthing :D . – dj_mummy Nov 2 '13 at 6:23
• Would there be electric field around the current carrying conductor, even when DC source is used? Here is the answer. The point is that for maintaining $\vec E$ inside wire it requires a variable surface charge density i.e. the quasi-neutrality is destroyed making the wire charged hence a minor $\vec E$ is observed outside the wire too. – user31782 Dec 17 '13 at 13:05

It seems to be little known, but a static current inside a wire of finite conductivity does produce a static electric field outside. See "Application 9.2" in the new text by Zangwill (which is fantastic and will replace Jackson), or http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Found-Phys-V29-p729-753(1999).pdf

For the magnetic field, the currents are one source of the magnetic, but this problem is more linked to the source of the current in the wire. For a conductor with finite conductivity, an electric field is needed in order to drive a current in the wire.

If we assume your wire is straight, this required field is uniform. One way to realize this field is by taking two oppositely charged particles and send them to infinity while increasing the magnitude of their charge to maintain the correct magnitude of electric field. In this limit, you will obtain a uniform electric field through all space.

Now, put your conductor in place along the axis between the voltage sources--a current will flow. In the DC case, this gives rise to the magnetic field outside of the wire. As for the electric field, a conductor is a material with electrons that can move easily in response to electric fields and their tendency is to shield out the electric field to obtain force balance. Because the electrons can't just escape the conductor, they can only shield the field inside the conductor and not outside the conductor. With this model, we see that the electric field is entirely set up by the source and placing the conductor in the field really just establishes a current. Note here that if you bend the wire or put it at an angle relative to the field, surface charges will form because you now have a field component normal to the surface.

For the limit of an ideal conductor, no electric field is needed to begin with to drive the current and so there isn't one outside the wire.

For the AC case, solving for the fields becomes wildly complicated very fast as now the electric field driving particle currents has both a voltage source and a time-varying magnetic source through the magnetic vector potential. The essential physics is the same, though, as the source will establish the fields (in zeroth order), and the addition of the conductor really just defines the path for particle currents to travel. In the next order, the current feeds back and produces electromagnetic fields in addition to the source(s) and will affect the current at other locations in the circuit.

I guess a short answer to your question is that there are always fields outside of the current-carrying wire and the electric field outside disappears only in the ideal conductor limit. Conductors generally do not require very strong fields to drive currents anyway so that the electric field outside is usually negligible, but don't neglect it for very large potentials in small circuits.

Yes there is an electric field outside of a current carrying wire, in a direction along the wire axis (i.e. parallel to the wire). This is true in both the AC and DC case. There is also of course a magnetic field in the azimuthal direction.

For a resistive wire oriented along the z-axis, the electric field inside the wire is given by Ohm's Law $E_y=\eta j_y$ where $\eta$ is the resistivity and $j_y$ is the current density. This current tends to flow near the surface of the wire (this is the skin effect). In order that there is no discontinuity in the electric field parallel to the wire, the electric field $E_y$ in the vacuum at the edge of the wire has to match the field in the wire given by Ohm's Law. Further away from the wire, there must be a radial electric field needed to keep the total electric field curl-free.

The fact that this electric field is parallel to the wire is the reason why electromagnetic energy flows radially into the wire. This is somewhat counterintuitive, but can be seen by noting the direction of the Poynting vector $\bf E \times \bf B$.

This is mentioned briefly in Feynman's Lectures on Physics II chapter 27-5.

• The skin depth for a dc current is infinity. A radial electric field requires there to be a net charge on the wire. Not saying your wrong, but your answer doesn't explain anything. – Rob Jeffries Feb 6 '15 at 16:54
• The radial electric field inside the wire can be provided by the local charge imbalance caused by the Hall effect. Outside of the wire, a radial electric field could be provided by either the divergence-free field induced by the EM waves that give rise to the azimuthal magnetic field, or by the surface charges discussed in Jackson's (1996) and Assis's (1997) papers on the subject (mentioned above). – kotozna Jun 13 '15 at 11:13

This isn't a direct answer to your question, but I believe goes to the heart of the issue.

When talking about energy and electrodynamics in a classical sense, it's often possible to interpret energy in two different ways. The first way is to think about the potential energy of a charge configuration. For example, if you have a fixed positive charge, and bring a second positive charge close, then you're pushing it uphill against the potential energy. The electric field from the first charge would normally repel the second. The work necessary to bring the second charge closer goes into the potential energy of the configuration.

The second way of thinking about the energy is a little more subtle. When you bring the two charges together, you get a very large electric field between them. You can actually consider the energy as stored in the electric field.

The big advantage of understanding the energy as stored in the electric field comes when you talk about light. Light has energy, but is also electromagnetic field. There aren't any charge configurations to store the energy, so the energy must be in the field itself.

Electrical energy and signals really do transmit at the speed of light in a conductor, like the Wikipedia article says. The electrons themselves travel much slower. This is clearer if you consider that the energy is stored in the electric field (and magnetic field), so the signal should travel at the speed of the propagating electric field (aka the speed of light).

A more direct answer to your question: Yes, there are both electric fields and magnetic fields around the conductor while there's current flowing through it. This is guaranteed by Maxwell's equations, and the fact that current is proportional to the electric field in a conductor.

There is no E field outside the conductor due to electrons because the conductor is not charged--this means there exist an equal number of protons to every electron in the conductor. If the conductor was charged, then there would be E field outside the conductor due to that charge. In fact, for a conductor to produce an E field outside of itself, it must be statically charged like a capacitor plate.

• A conductor (not considering superconductors) with current flowing through it also has an electric field inside it. Maxwell's curl equation for electric fields guarantee's that the electric field must exist outside as well. Your answer is correct only if you consider conductors without current flowing through them. – David Oct 29 '13 at 21:59
• There must be a potential difference along the wire to permit electrons to flow. Doesn't that imply an electric field? A path integral $\int E\cdot ds$ from A to B outside the wire must result in a voltage $V_{AB}$. – Floris Aug 20 '15 at 14:52

## protected by Qmechanic♦Feb 17 '14 at 21:39

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