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I have a quick question I hope someone can answer.

Why do you dope a semiconductor ? Is that only to get more carriers to conduct, or is it also to make the energy gap between the valance- and conduction band smaller ? Or is the gap between the hole doped energy level and valence band so small that it doesn't really make a difference of jumping from the valence band to the conduction band, or from the doped energy level to the conduction band ?

Thanks in advance.

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You can't affect the bands structure by moderate doping levels. However, the presence of doping introduces electronic states inside the bandgap.

Impurities may be of acceptor type or donor type.

  • Acceptors (as the name suggests) may accept one additional electron. If the acceptors' energy level is just above the valence band edge, electrons from valence band may be captured by acceptors when excited by relatively low energies (relative to the energy required to excite an electron from valence band to conduction band). The electron becomes trapped in the acceptor until it "falls" back to valence band, but, meanwhile, the hole which emerged in valence band can contribute to current.
  • Donors may donate one additional electron. If the donors' energy level is just below the conduction band edge, electrons from donors may be excited to conduction band by relatively low energies. These electrons become conduction electrons until they "fall" back to donors' level.

The above described "shallow states" introduced by impurities - very low excitation energies. Sometimes you want to introduce "deep states" - higher excitation energies required, but still less than exciting over bandgap.

Do these impurities change the conductivity of the SC? Well, first of all they allow for easier change of conductivity (by reducing the required excitation energy). It means that they allow for more control over SC's electrical behavior. They can also change SC's resistance regardless of externally controlled excitations, but it depends on the rate of ionized impurities at a given temperature.

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  • $\begingroup$ So basically, electrons that are "trapped" at the acceptor level does not excite to the conduction band, and the other way around of course ? Doesn't that mean, that intrinsic semiconductors are kind of crap ? If the gap between the conduction band and acceptor level is to large for electrons to jump, isn't the gap from valence to conduction even bigger then ? $\endgroup$ – Denver Dang Aug 9 '13 at 21:07
  • $\begingroup$ You must understand that SC are just bad insulators. There is no much use of SC if you can't dope them. I wrote an answer explaining the difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors in another question of yours. $\endgroup$ – Vasiliy Aug 9 '13 at 21:31
  • $\begingroup$ Ok, that actually made sense :) Thank you very much. $\endgroup$ – Denver Dang Aug 9 '13 at 21:34
  • $\begingroup$ @DenverDang, You are welcome. You are also invited to read my answer to your other question, and accept it if it answers it :) - physics.stackexchange.com/questions/73588/… $\endgroup$ – Vasiliy Aug 9 '13 at 21:37
  • $\begingroup$ Ahhh, great. I haven't noticed there was an answer for that :) Again, thank you very much. $\endgroup$ – Denver Dang Aug 9 '13 at 22:24

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