Why do the wavefunction wavenumbers for a box and for a periodic potential differ? Consider a particle in a one-dimensional infinite square well potential of width $L$. Solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation, and considering the boundary conditions, gives wavefunction solutions with wavenumbers:
$k = \frac{n\pi}{L}$
For $n=1,2,3,...$
Solving a system of a periodic potential with infinite potential walls gives wavefunction solutions with wavenumbers:
$k=\frac{2\pi n}{L}$ for $n= \pm1, \pm2, \pm3, ...$
This means that the energy eigenvalues for a periodic potential are four times larger than the ones for a box potential.

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*Why are only positive wavenumbers allowed for the wavefunction of a particle in a box?

*Intuitively, why do particles in periodic potentials have higher wavenumbers and energies?

 A: I will try to address your questions one at a time. If something does not make sense or if something is not explained adequately, please comment so that I can edit the answer.

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*It is not that negative wavenumbers are not allowed. All the negative wavenumbers correspond to the same solution to the Schroedinger equation for the particle in a box, as the positive wavenumbers, with the only difference being an overall sign. This can be thought of as a phase and hence does not have a physical meaning. So, both positive and negative wavenumber solutions describe the same system. Tossing them corresponds to avoiding double counting... The only time this matters is when we express a function as a linear combination of eigenfunctions of the "particle in a box" problem. Recall that linear combination means expressing an arbitrary function $\phi(x)$ as
$$\phi(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}c_n\sin(\frac{n\pi x}{L})$$
where $L$ is the "size" of the box. The set of functions $\{\sin(\frac{n\pi x}{L}),n=1,2,3,...\}$ are a complete set! So, taking the corresponding negative values of the wavenumbers does not make any sense...


*It's not that they particles experiencing infinite and periodic potential walls, have higher wavenumbers and energies. It is just that they particles in a box can be in an energy level that lies between two potential energy levels of the particle in the periodic potential walls. You can not compare quantum numbers corresponding to different problems...
I hope this helps.
