Why there are so many spinor components in higher dimensions if the number of degrees of freedom is only 2? In the book of Freedman & van Proeyen on Supergravity a table (3.2) can be found which shows for dimensions from 2-11 the number of components of Majorana spinors.
For instance in 4 dimensions we have 4 components for a spin-1/2 Majorana spinor (represented by a bispinor), whereas in 8 dimensions there are 16 components.
Actually, in 4 dimensions all components have a physical meaning, 2 correspond to the spin 1/2 and another 2 to the particle anti-particle symmetry. The latter two get kind of superfluous once the reality condition for a Majorana spinor is imposed.
However, in 8 dimensions there are 16 components whereas only 2 degrees of freedom for the spin  1/2 are needed.
What is the physical meaning of the other components ? Are they also "superfluous" due to some conditions as the reality condition ? Or do they get "lost" in the higher-dimensional space ?
EDIT:
In order to make my point clearer let's assume a Majorana spinor in Weyl-respresentation
$$\Psi_M = \left( \begin{array}{c} \xi \\ \xi^\dagger \end{array}\right)$$
(Other representations can be found by multiplying $\Psi_M$ with an appropiate matrix, for instance one which makes all components real.)
where $\xi$ (if considered in the rest frame of the concerned particle and the axes (s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z) of the coordinate system are appropiately chosen) is an eigenmode of the z-component of the spin (or helicity) operator -- apparently there is no further condition:
$$ S_z \left( \begin{array}{c} \xi_1 \\ \xi_2 \\  \xi_3 \\ \xi_4 \\ \xi_5 \\ \xi_6\\  \xi_7 \\ \xi_8 \end{array}\right) = \pm \frac{1}{2}  \left( \begin{array}{c} \xi_1 \\ \xi_2 \\  \xi_3 \\ \xi_4 \\ \xi_5 \\ \xi_6\\  \xi_7 \\ \xi_8 \end{array}\right)$$
Why  in 8 dimensions  do I need an 8-component long spinor for fulfilling such a simple eigenmode equation whereas in 4D spacetime I only need a 2-component long spinor ? May be there is a misconception in my thinking, so I would appreciate if such a misconception could be cleared up.
 A: There is no such a thing as "the z-component of spin $S_z$" in higher dimensions. There is no z-axis for general $d$, rather there are multiple "$z$-axes" all of which we need to diagonalize simultaneously, so to speak.
Of course I cannot give you a crash course on representation theory of simple groups here (the book on CFT by di Francesco et all does a good job, it has a physics-oriented chapter on Lie groups, see chapter 13). But I can give you a flavor of some of the ingredients that are important for your question.
Consider the Lie algebra $g=\mathfrak{so}(d)$. It has some commutation relations, which are probably familiar to you. There is a nice basis of the algebra, known as the Cartan-Weyl basis, which takes the form
$$
[H^i,H^j]=0,\quad [H^i,E^\alpha]=\alpha^i E^\alpha,\qquad [E^\alpha,E^\beta]\propto E^{\alpha+\beta}
$$
Here, the set $H^i$ (where $i=1,2,\dots,\text{rank}(g)$) is a set of commuting operators, which replace $S^z$ for general $d$. Note that the rank of $SO(3)$ is 1, hence a single $S^z$, but the rank of $SO(d)$ is $\lfloor d/2\rfloor$ for higher $d$, so you need multiple $S^z$ that you have to diagonalize.
It just so happens that the spinor representation (i.e., the representation that you get when you simultaneously diagonalize all the $H^i$), has dimension $\sim 2^d$. Roughly speaking, this representation has $H^i=0$ for all $i<\text{rank}(g)$, and $H^i=1/2$ for $i=\text{rank}(g)$. So this plays the role of a higher dimensional fermion, this is the smallest representation that has half-integral eigenvalues. It is a fact of life that this representation requires $\sim 2^d$ components, no smaller vector spaces is able to diagonalize all the require operators.
(Note: of course, sometimes you can half the size of the representation by imposing suitable reducibility conditions, such as Majorana. This depends on $d\mod8$, and the reference in the OP does a good job at explaining when and why can you impose such conditions.)
A: For a spin $j=1/2$ spinor field, the number of DOF is not just 2 as OP writes in the title. Instead
$$\text{Off-shell DOF = #(components)},$$
while
$$\text{On-shell DOF = #(helicity states) = #(components)/2}. $$
A Dirac spinor has $2^{[D/2]}$ complex components in $D$ spacetime dimensions, while a Majorana spinor has $2^{[D/2]}$ real components, cf. e.g. my related Phys.SE answer here.
See also e.g. this related Phys.SE post.
