# Feynman diagrams, can't Wick-rotate due to poles in first and third $p_0$ quadrants?

I have a confusion about relating general diagrams (involving multiple propagators) in Minkowski vs Euclidean signature, which presumably should be identical (up to terms which are explicitly involved in Wick-rotation). I'm confident the resolution to my issue is simple, as it's on quite a fundamental/elementary topic. Please, I would appreciate any help on this.

In Minkowski signature $$(-,+++)$$, the scalar Feynman (causal) propagator is given by:

$$\Delta_M(x-y)=\int \frac{d^4 k}{(2\pi)^4}e^{i k\cdot (x-y)}\Delta_M(k) \tag{1}$$

$$\Delta_M(k)=\frac{i}{k^2+m^2-i\epsilon}=\frac{i}{-k_0^2+|\vec k |^2+m^2-i\epsilon} \tag{2}$$

Note that $$\Delta(k)$$ has two poles in the $$k_0$$ complex plane, at $$k_0=\omega (\vec k )-i\epsilon$$ and $$k_0=-\omega (\vec k )+i\epsilon$$. The poles reside in the second and fourth quadrants of the $$k_0$$ plane. The $$k_0$$-integral in the propagator is along the real-axis, from $$-\infty$$ to $$+\infty$$.

In Euclidean signature (++++), the scalar propagator is given by:

$$\Delta_E(x-y)=\int \frac{d^4 k}{(2\pi)^4}e^{i k\cdot (x-y)}\Delta_E(k) \tag{3}$$

$$\Delta_E(k)=\frac{-1}{k^2+m^2}=\frac{-1}{k_4^2 +|\vec k |^2 + m^2} \tag{4}$$

In the Euclidean propagator, the poles appear at $$k_4=\pm i\omega (\vec p )$$, and the $$k_4$$-integral is over the real-axis.

It's easy to see that when $$\Delta_{M,E}(k)$$ are integrated over the $$k_{0,4}$$ variables, they are numerically equal, since one can continuously deform the contour in the Minkowski integral to obtain the Euclidean integral. I've even heard the Feynman diagram be called the "Euclidean" propagator, presumably for this very reason. This idea is illustrated in the picture below, which shows the $$k_{0,4}$$ integrals happening in their respective complex planes.

Now consider two momentum-space propagators multiplying each other, as one might naturally get in a loop diagram. In Minkowski signature this would look like

$$\int \frac{d^4 k}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{f(k)}{\left(k^2+m^2-i\epsilon \right)\left((k-p)^2+m^2-i\epsilon \right)} \tag{5}$$

where $$f(k)$$ is some regular function of $$k$$ (i.e. no singularities). Note that in the $$k_0$$-integral we will have 4-poles, 2 for each propagator. The poles coming from the second propagator will be shifted by $$p$$.

Now consider the equivalent "diagram" in Euclidean signature. Let's define $$p^\mu = (p_1,p_2,p_3 , ip_4 )$$ where $$p_{1,2,3,4}$$ are all real. This is the Wick-rotated $$p^\mu$$. We will get

$$\int \frac{d^4 k}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{f(k)}{\left(k^2+m^2 \right)\left((k-p)^2+m^2\right)} \tag{6}$$

The integrand again has 4 poles, but this time, because of $$p$$, the second propagator need not have poles symmetrically positioned on opposite sides of the imaginary axis. This prevents us from immediately Wick-rotating the Minkowski diagram into the Euclidean one. See the following picture.

So it seems the Euclidean answer will be wildly different than the Minkowski answer, but for a seemingly superficial reason. The fact that they will be wildly different can be seen by the fact that, assuming the $$k_{0,4}$$ integrals can be done by closing the contour in a half-plane and using residue theorem, pole-closing will give us different poles, when something tells me they should be the same. It seems that this is boiling down to the existence of poles in the first and third quadrants of in the $$k_0$$ Minkowski plane.

I am confident about the expressions I've given for Minkowski signature, (1) (2) and (5), as they are totally standard in ordinary QFT classes. Therefore I believe my error lies in Wick-rotation, in the Euclidean expressions. For example, we don't normally Wick-rotate (5) until we have already combined all the propagators via Feynman parameters. This makes sense, since after combining propagators we reduce our original $$2N$$ poles in the $$k_0$$ plane into $$2$$ poles each of order $$N$$. We can now continuously deform the contour to be parallel with the imaginary axis.

So please, help me. What is going on here? What's wrong with my Euclidean expressions, (3) (4) and (6)?

• In addition, I am not sure about your statements. For instance, I know that the RHS of (5) is invariant under Lorentz transformation. So, nothing stop me to consider reference frame where $(p_0,0)=p$. if I introduce the variable $\omega_k={\bf k}^2+m^2$, I have for the first propagator in (5) the structure $k_0^2-\omega_k^2-i\epsilon$ and for the second $(p_0+k_0)^2-\omega_k^2$. Poles are $k_0=\pm\omega_k\pm i\epsilon$ and $k_0=-p_0\pm\omega_k\pm i\epsilon$ Jan 19 at 20:33
• @ArtemAlexandrov I am using (-+++) metric convention, so the on-shell condition is given by $k^2=-m^2$. Therefore the denominator should be $k^2+m^2-i\epsilon$. I use this metric convention because it's better for Wick-rotation. Jan 19 at 23:20
• @ArtemAlexandrov That is a good point about (5) being Lorentz invariant, i.e. only depending on $p^2$. That allows us to quickly find the location of the poles. However I don't see how this contradicts anything I've written. Jan 19 at 23:30
• I don't think it makes sense to blindly replace $k^0$ with $i k^0$ and expect the result of an integral to be the same. (I mean, would you expect that to work for any integral you run into in a first calculus course? Is the integral of $1/x^2$ the same as the integral of $1/(ix)^2$?) That "plug in" method is an overly casual explanation of Wick rotation which works only on the simplest cases -- in reality you have to rotate the contour of integration every time, which will pick up the residues of poles in the first and third quadrants. Jan 21 at 17:40
• @knzhou The idea is that the Euclidean equations I’ve written are derivable from the corresponding Euclidean action, and ditto for the Minkowski (normal) action. If amplitudes such as the ones I’ve presented should be the same in either theory, then clearly something is wrong in my above calculations. I’ve never seen how the whole program of perturbation theory and Feynman diagrams plays out in the Euclidean domain, and therefore I’d like to believe that the Euclidean equations I’ve written down are wrong, i.e. not derivable from the corresponding Euclidean action. Jan 21 at 17:54

I finally found what seems to be the answer. QMechanic's answer solidifies this as paradox - the Euclidean and Minkowski Feynman integrals appear to give the exact same result, which we expect, but at the same time there is an unaccounted pole contribution which explicitly does not vanish, and this pole contribution precisely represents the difference between the Minkowski and Euclidean integrals. So they're equal... but not equal? What's going on?

This paradox was brought up nearly verbatim in a recent-ish paper$$^1$$ by Carlson & Freid (2017). [1] The authors found this tension in the context of calculating a certain loop-correction in both Euclidean and Minkowski signatures. There, the unaccounted pole-contribution (which this post is all about) gave rise to a crucial IR-divergence, which suggested that calculating the correlator in Euclidean signature may be invalid, or at least require greater care. What the author didn't seem to point out was that this issue is extremely general and would affect nearly every Euclidean loop calculation.

Just a couple months later, the issue was resolved in a paper by R. Briceño et al (2017). [2] Section 3 of this paper fully explains and resolves this issue. The upshot is the following:

1. We need to be sure we are calculating a quantity which will actually be the same in both Euclidean and Minkowski signatures.

2. We need to be careful with how we go about calculating this quantity in both signatures.

I'll now explain the relevant points given in both of these papers.

## Section 1: $$I_M\neq I_E$$

Let's consider a simple theory of two scalars $$\phi,\chi$$ in $$d=2$$ dimensions. Let each scalar have non-zero pole-mass $$m_\phi,m_\chi$$, and let the interaction simply be:

$$S_{\textrm{int}}=\int d^2x\, \frac{g}{2!} \phi^2 (x)\chi(x) \tag{1}$$

Consider the one-loop contribution to the two-point function coming from a $$\phi-\chi$$ loop, as illustrated below.

In Minkowski (mostly plus) signature, this (amputated) contribution is given by:

$$I_M(p^2)=g^2 \int \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi)^2}\frac{1}{\left(k^2+m_{\chi}^2-i\epsilon \right)\left((k-p)^2+m_{\phi}^2-i\epsilon \right)} \tag{2}$$

where

\begin{align} k_\mu &= \left(k_0,k_1\right) & p_\mu &= \left(\sqrt{m_{\phi}^2+p_1^2}, p_1\right) \\ k^2&=-k_0^2+k_1^2 & p^2&=-m_\phi^2 \end{align} \tag{3}

We can solve this integral using Feynman parameterization, but for transparency I'll evaluate each integral directly. Let's first fix $$k_1$$ and do the $$k_0$$ integral. In the complex $$k_0$$ plane we have 4 poles, just as in my original post above. They are

$$k_0^{\pm} = \pm\left(\omega_{k}^\chi - i\epsilon\right) \tag{4}$$

$$\tilde{k_0}^{\pm} = \omega_p^\phi \pm\left(\omega_{k-p}^\chi - i\epsilon\right) \tag{5}$$

where I have used the shorthand notation $$\omega_q^{\phi,\chi}\equiv \sqrt{m_{\phi,\chi}^2+q_1^2}$$. We can close the contour in the UHP and get:

$$I_M(p^2)=\frac{-ig^2}{4\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dk_1 \left[\frac{1}{\omega_{k}^{\chi}\left(\left(\omega_{k}^{\chi}+\omega_{p}^{\phi}\right)^2-\left(\omega_{k-p}^{\phi}\right)^2\right)}+\frac{1}{\omega_{k-p}^{\phi}\left(\left(\omega_{p}^{\phi}-\omega_{k-p}^{\phi}\right)^2-\left(\omega_{k}^{\chi}\right)^2\right)}\right] \tag{6}$$

A plot of this function is shown below. As required, the result is only a function of the invariant masses $$m_{\phi,\chi}$$, i.e. it is independent of $$p_1$$. (below I set $$m_\chi = 1$$)

Naively, the same calculation in Euclidean signature would lead to the "Wick-rotated" integral $$I_E$$, with the $$k_0$$ contour running over the imaginary axis rather than the real axis.

$$I_E(p^2)\overset{?}{=} i g^2 \int \frac{d^2 k}{(2\pi)^2}\frac{1}{\left(k^2+m_{\chi}^2-i\epsilon \right)\left((k-p)^2+m_{\phi}^2-i\epsilon \right)} \tag{7}$$

where in the above expression all square-momenta are Euclidean, so $$p_0=ip_2=i\omega_p^\phi$$. However, we must remember that in $$I_M$$, for certain values of $$k_1$$ the pole $$\tilde{k_0}^-$$ will reside in the first quadrant.

$$(k_1-p_1)^2 < p_1^2 \implies \textrm{Re}\left( \tilde{k_0}^-\right) >0 \tag{8}$$

In trying to smoothly deform (rotate CCW) the Minkowskian contour to the "Euclidean" one, we will encircle this pole in the first quadrant. The contribution from this pole will therefore give the difference between $$I_M$$ and $$I_E$$. The result is:

$$I_M-I_E\equiv \Delta I =\frac{-ig^2}{4\pi}\int_{-p_1}^{p_1} dk_1 \frac{1}{\omega_{k}^{\phi}\left(\left(\omega_{p}^{\phi}-\omega_{k}^{\phi}\right)^2-\left(\omega_{k+p}^{\chi}\right)^2\right)} \tag{9}$$

A plot of this difference is shown below. Again, $$m_\chi=1$$.

Note that it is not zero! Not only that, but it depends explicitly on $$p_1$$. Clearly, $$I_E$$ does not represent a physically relevant quantity.

But what about the analytical continuation, as in QMechanic's answer? Can we not regard $$I_M(p_0)$$ as analytic in $$p_0$$, and then analytically continue to the imaginary axis $$p_0\rightarrow i p_2$$? Can we not evaluate $$I_M(p_0)$$ and $$I_E(p_0)$$ in their respective ranges of validity, and then claim that since they agree over a certain domain in the complex $$p_0$$ plane, by analytic continuation they must agree everywhere?

The answer to both of these is a resounding no, as evidenced by the previous direct numerical calculations. I have directly calculated $$I_M$$ and $$I_E$$ at the physical point $$p_0=\omega_{p}^\phi$$, and they are finite but not equal.

The expression I calculated for $$I_M(p_0)$$ is valid for all real $$p_0$$. We could have equally calculated via Feynman parameterization, and obtained $$I_M(p_0)$$ for real $$p_0$$. However if we did the same calculation via Feynman parameterization for $$I_E(p_0)$$, it would only be valid for imaginary $$p_0$$, as in QMechanic's answer. The intersection of these two domains of validity is the single point $$p_0=ip_2=0$$. Analytic continuation from one domain to another would require agreement of the two functions over at least an accumulation point in the complex $$p_0$$ plane. We do not have that, and therefore we cannot justify analytic continuation.

## Section 2: Resolving the paradox

Let's consider the quantum theory in the Heisenberg picture. From a Hamiltonian perspective, assuming a time-independent Hamiltonian for scalar particles, the only difference between the Euclidean and Minkowski theories is through the time evolution of operators.

\begin{align} \mathcal{O}(t)&=e^{iHt}\,\mathcal{O}(0)\,e^{-iHt}, & \mathcal{O}(\tau)&=e^{H\tau}\,\mathcal{O}(0)\,e^{-H\tau} \end{align} \tag{10}

where $$t=-i\tau$$. The instantaneous Hamiltonian is the same in both signatures, ergo so is the spectrum. If we thus ask for a correlator which has no explicit time dependence, the result should be exactly the same in both theories. For example, in the two-scalar theory from earlier, $$\phi,\phi$$ overlap:

$$\langle P,\phi|P,\phi\rangle \tag{11}$$

should be the same in both signatures, as there is no time-dependence whatsoever involved. Of course, this matrix element is sort of trivial, since by assumption it gives a delta-function, but this is the matrix element which we use to renormalize the kinetic Lagrangian (by demanding triviality).

In Minkowski signature, we calculate overlap amplitudes such as (11) via the LSZ prescription.

$$\langle P,\phi|P,\phi\rangle = \lim_{P^2\rightarrow -m_{\phi}^2} \frac{P^2+m_{\phi}^2}{iZ_{\phi}}\frac{P^2+m_{\phi}^2}{iZ^*_{\phi}} \langle \phi(P)\phi(-P)\rangle\tag{12}$$

where

$$\langle \phi(P)\phi(-P)\rangle = \int d^4 y \,e^{-iP_\mu y^\mu} \int d^4 x \,e^{iP_\mu x^\mu} \langle 0 |\textrm{T}\left\{ \phi(y)\phi(x)\right\} |0\rangle \tag{13a}$$

$$Z_\phi = \langle 0 |\phi(0)|\vec p, \phi\rangle \tag{13b}$$

Note that it is for (12) that we use standard momentum-space Feynman rules. It is precisely with this that, in Minkowski signature, we get $$I_M$$ as in (2), after amputating external propagators of course via the LSZ prescription (11). More importantly, if we calculated this quantity in Euclidean signature, we would indeed get $$I_E$$ as in (7).

However LSZ is not applicable in Euclidean signature - in fact it doesn't even make sense. The desired matrix element can be accessed through a different prescription. Consider the following Euclidean-time dependent propagator.

$$C(\tau',\tau,\vec P)=\langle \phi(\vec p,\tau' ) \phi (\vec p,\tau )\rangle = \int d^3 y\,e^{-i\vec P \cdot \vec y} \,\int d^3 x\,e^{i\vec P \cdot \vec x} \, \langle \phi(y,\tau' ) \phi (x,\tau )\rangle \tag{14}$$

On the one hand, we can use the delta-function identity

$$f(\tau)=\int \frac{dP_4}{2\pi}\,e^{\pm i P_4 \tau}\,\int dx_4\,e^{\mp iP_4 x_4} f(x_4) \tag{15}$$

to rewrite (14) in terms of something resembling $$I_E$$.

$$C(\tau',\tau,\vec P)=\int \frac{dP_4'}{2\pi}\,e^{iP_4'\tau'} \int \frac{dP_4}{2\pi}\,e^{-iP_4\tau} \langle \phi( p' ) \phi (p)\rangle \tag{16}$$

where

$$\langle \phi( p' ) \phi (p)\rangle=\int d^4 y\,e^{-iP \cdot y} \,\int d^4 x\,e^{iP \cdot x} \, \langle \phi(y ) \phi (x)\rangle \tag{17}$$

with $$P=(\vec P, P_4)$$ and $$P'=(\vec P, P_4')$$ off-shell momenta. The dot-products above represent euclidean contractions $$a\cdot b = \sum a_i b_i$$. Again, note that if we were to set $$P_4=P_4'=i\omega_p^{\phi}$$ on-shell in (17), we would essentially calculate $$I_E$$ as in (7).

On the other hand, we may insert the identity operator twice into (14), and extract the Euclidean time dependence via (10).

$$C(\tau',\tau,\vec P)=ZZ^* e^{-\omega_p (\tau' - \tau)} \langle \vec P,\phi|\vec P,\phi\rangle + O\left(e^{-E'\tau'+E\tau}\right) \tag{18}$$

where $$E,E'>\omega_p$$ are multi-particle-state energies which are necessarily greater than that of the relevant single-particle state$$^2$$. To extract the desired matrix element, we pick out the leading exponential dependence. Putting this together with (16) gives us:

$$\langle \vec P,\phi|\vec P,\phi\rangle = \lim_{\tau'\rightarrow \infty \\ \tau\rightarrow -\infty} \frac{1}{Z_\phi Z_\phi^*} e^{\omega_p (\tau' - \tau)}\int \frac{dP_4'}{2\pi}\,e^{iP_4'\tau'}\,\int \frac{dP_4}{2\pi}\,e^{-iP_4\tau}\,\langle \phi( p' ) \phi (p)\rangle \tag{19}$$

This is the Euclidean prescription, which is to be compared with the Minkowski LSZ prescription (12). For a particular Feynman diagram, the prescription is as follows:

1. Calculate the full, unamputated diagram with off-shell $$P_4$$ for the incoming state and $$P_4'$$ for the outgoing state.

2. Integrate over $$P_4$$ and $$P_4'$$, with the exponential factors as in (12).

3. Pick out the leading $$\tau,\tau'$$ dependence, i.e. the term which scales as $$e^{-\omega_{\textrm{out}}\tau'+\omega_{\textrm{in}}\tau}$$.

If one carries out this procedure for the Euclidean diagram in section 1 which contributed to $$\langle \phi(P)\phi(-P)\rangle$$, one will find two terms. The first will be $$I_E$$, and the second will exactly be $$\Delta I$$ as found in (9). I will not carry out this explicit calculation, but you can see it in section 3 of [2].

And thus, the paradox is resolved. :)

### Footnotes.

• $$^1$$ Given the generality of this issue, I wouldn't be surprised if this issue has already appeared countless times in the literature, unbeknownst to each new discoverer.

• $$^2$$ This point requires more care in a theory with massless particles.

1. Well, according to physics lore, the Wick rotation [i.e. the analytic continuation between the Minkowski (M) and Euclidean (E) formulations] should work, so if one encounters poles or branch cuts during the deformation of integration contour, they should be taken into account.

2. That being said, it's possible to rewrite OP's one-loop diagram (5) $$^1$$ \begin{align} I_M(p_M)&\cr ~:=~~~~~~&\int\! \frac{d^d k^{\bullet}_M}{(2\pi)^d}\frac{1}{\left(k_M^2+m^2-i\epsilon \right)\left((p_M\!-\!k_M)^2+m^2-i\epsilon \right)} \cr ~=~~~~~~&\int\! \frac{d^d k^{\bullet}_M}{(2\pi)^d}\int_0^1\!dx \frac{1}{\left[x\left((p_M\!-\!k_M)^2+m^2-i\epsilon \right)+(1\!-\!x)\left(k_M^2+m^2-i\epsilon \right) \right]^2} \cr ~=~~~~~~&\int\! \frac{d^d k^{\bullet}_M}{(2\pi)^d}\int_0^1\!dx \frac{1}{\left[k_M^2-2xk_M\cdot p_M+xp_M^2 +m^2-i\epsilon \right]^2} \cr ~\stackrel{\ell^{\mu}_M=k^{\mu}_M-x p^{\mu}_M}{=}&\int_0^1\!dx\int\! \frac{d^d \ell_M}{(2\pi)^d} \frac{1}{\left[\ell_M^2+x(1\!-\!x)p_M^2 +m^2-i\epsilon \right]^2}\cr ~\stackrel{\ell^0_M=i\ell^0_E}{=}~~&i\int_0^1\!dx\int\! \frac{d^d \ell_E}{(2\pi)^d} \frac{1}{\left[\ell_E^2+x(1\!-\!x)p_M^2 +m^2-i\epsilon \right]^2}\cr ~\stackrel{d=4-\varepsilon}{=}~~~&\frac{i\Gamma(\frac{\varepsilon}{2})}{(4\pi)^{2-\varepsilon/2}}\int_0^1\!dx\left(x(1\!-\!x)p_M^2 +m^2-i\epsilon\right)^{-\varepsilon/2}\cr ~=~~~~~~&\frac{i}{(4\pi)^2}\left[\frac{2}{\varepsilon} -\int_0^1\!dx\ln\left\{\frac{e^{\gamma}}{4\pi}\left(x(1\!-\!x)p_M^2 +m^2-i\epsilon\right)\right\} +{\cal O}(\varepsilon)\right] \end{align}\tag{A} with the help of the Feynman parametrization, so that instead of 2 different propagators with 4 poles, the same propagator appears twice. After an appropriate shift of the loop momentum integration variable $$k^{\mu}_M\to \ell^{\mu}_M$$, there are only 2 poles in the quadrants II & IV, $$\ell^0_{M}~=~\left\{\begin{array}{lcl} \pm\left(\sqrt{\omega^2} -i\epsilon\right)&{\rm for}& \omega^2~>~0, \cr \pm\left(i\sqrt{-\omega^2} -\epsilon\right)&{\rm for}& \omega^2~<~0, \end{array}\right. \tag{B}$$ where $$\omega^2~~:=~\vec{\ell}^2 +x(1-x)p_M^2 +m^2. \tag{C}$$ To perform the Wick rotation in eq. (A), assume that the external momentum $$p^{\mu}_M$$ is near the mass-shell $$p_M^2\approx -m^2$$, so that the $$x$$-integration doesn't cross the branch cut of the complex $$\ln$$ function.

3. For comparison, the corresponding Euclidean one-loop diagram is \begin{align} I_E(p_E)&\cr ~:=~~~~~~&\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\! \frac{d^d k_E}{(2\pi)^d}\frac{1}{\left(k_E^2+m^2 \right)\left((p_E\!-\!k_E)^2+m^2 \right)}\cr ~=~~~~~~&\ldots\cr ~=~~~~~~&\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\! \frac{d^d k_E}{(2\pi)^d}\int_0^1\!dx \frac{1}{\left[k_E^2-2xk_E\cdot p_E+xp_E^2 +m^2 \right]^2} \cr ~\stackrel{k^{\mu}_E=\ell^{\mu}_E+x p^{\mu}_E}{=}~&\int_0^1\!dx\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}\!\frac{d^d \ell^{\bullet}_E}{(2\pi)^d} \frac{1}{\left[\ell_E^2+x(1\!-\!x)p_E^2 +m^2 \right]^2}\cr ~\stackrel{d=4-\varepsilon}{=}~~~&\frac{\Gamma(\frac{\varepsilon}{2})}{(4\pi)^{2-\varepsilon/2}}\int_0^1\!dx\left(x(1\!-\!x)p_E^2 +m^2\right)^{-\varepsilon/2}\cr ~=~~~~~~&\frac{1}{(4\pi)^2}\left[\frac{2}{\varepsilon} -\int_0^1\!dx\ln\left\{\frac{e^{\gamma}}{4\pi}\left(x(1\!-\!x)p_E^2 +m^2\right)\right\} +{\cal O}(\varepsilon)\right] \end{align} \tag{D} Note that the RHS of eq. (A) is the imaginary unit $$i$$ times the RHS of eq. (D) if we identify the external momentum $$p^0_M~=~ip^0_E.\tag{E}$$

4. As OP points out in this accompanying Math.SE post,

• it is important in the above calculation (A) that the external momentum $$p^0_M$$ is real when we shift the loop momentum variable $$k^{\mu}_M\to \ell^{\mu}_M$$. If $$p^0_M$$ is imaginary, we would shift the integration contour away from the real axis. So when we then shift the integration contour back, we may pick up residues.

• Similarly for the Euclidean calculation (D), but now it is $$p^0_E$$ that should be real.

In light of eq. (E), there are unaccounted residues in at least 1 of the calculations (A) and (D).

--

$$^1$$ The bullet $$\bullet$$ in the integration measure indicates the position the spacetime index. The Minkowski sign convention is $$(-,+,+,+)$$.

• Thanks! I was definitely reflecting on the fact that in usual perturbative calculations we are able to safely Wick-rotate only after introducing Feynman parameters. But then if you did the entire calculation of the amplitude in Euclidean signature using the Euclidean action, would you then magically be led to the post-Wick-rotation Feynman parameterization that you found in the Minkowski calculation? I’m tempted to believe that the diagram altogether, along with the usual stories of perturbation theory, only exists in Minkowski signature. For example, how would LSZ translate in Euclidean? Jan 21 at 18:07
• @ArturodonJuan , to be honest I never think about it carefully: the naive application of Wick rotation does not work due to pole crossing? Jan 21 at 18:21
• @ArtemAlexandrov Yes, you cannot naively Wick-rotate the Minkowski $k_0$-integral due to pole-crossing. The situation gets even worse when using nonperturbative vertex factors, because then $f(k)$ in equation (5) also develops singularities which often appear in the first and third quadrants, i.e. they can't be remedied away with Feynman parameterization as Qmechanic suggests. Jan 21 at 18:25
• I've always taken the view, inspired by the path integral, that the integrals should be done first in the Euclidean regime and only then are the euclidean momenta analytically continued to Minkowski regime. In doing that continuation one meets various branch cuts, and choices have to be made so that one end up with correct causal S matrix (as in the "Analytic S matrix" by Eden et al.). Jan 25 at 12:33
• I updated the answer. Note that the eq. numbering has changed. Feb 23 at 0:17