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I work on a drilling rig as a roughneck and we had a lecture today (at the office) about mechanical advantage in pulley systems. Now, I know that my boss is well educated in oil drilling, but my instincts tell me that he may have this one wrong.

A drilling rig works sort of like a crane in that it has a tall structure supporting a pulley system. There is a large winch permanently installed on the base platform and then it goes over the top of the structure (the crown of the derrick) and down through a floating sheave--this has a few wraps to give us more mechanical advantage. I am including pictures to help describe the situation.

Floating Sheave (called the "blocks")

Here the picture shows the floating sheave (the blocks) which we use to do most all of our operations. Most importantly, we use it to pick up our string of pipe that is in the ground.

The set up of a drilling rig

As seen in this picture, the blocks hold the weight of the string of pipe. Now he told us that if the pipe get stuck in the hole (maybe it snags something or the hole caves in), that we lose all of our mechanical advantage. He said that is why the weight indicator will shoot up and go back down after it is freed. He said that because when the pipe is snagged in the hole then we are not dealing with a free floating sheave anymore and that is what is required to have a mechanical advantage.

I disagree with this because even if it is not free, there is still a mechanical advantage such that (say the normal mechanical advantage is 6 to 1) our pulling force is multiplied by 6. I would like somebody to confirm this for me.

First picture taken from www.worldoils.com on June 21, 2013 Second picture taken from www.PaysonPetro.com on June 21, 2013

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6 Answers 6

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If I understand correctly, then I believe you’re right. We are considering a situation where the drill pipe in the ground gets stuck, but where all the rest of the equipment is functioning properly, right? In particular, we are assuming that the blocks are not jammed or anything.

The proper way to define mechanical advantage $M$ is as the ratio between the distance $D$ traveled by the driving force and the distance $L$ traveled by the load. Then $D$ is just the length of cable that passes through the driving winch at the base during a certain amount time, and $L$ is the height that the drill pipe moves during the same time. This ratio is equal to the inverse of the ratio of the tension $T_D$ on the cable at the winch and the tension $T_L$ on the cable attached to the drill pipe:

$M = \frac{D}{L} = \frac{T_L}{T_D}$

This ensures that the amount of work done by the winch, $T_D D$, is equal to the work done on the pipe, $T_L L$.

If the drill pipe gets stuck, then it will require a much larger tension to pull it from the ground, right? This means $T_L$ will shoot up. But the mechanical advantage $M$ is the same, so the tension $T_D$ at the winch will likewise shoot up. This doesn’t mean the mechanical advantage is lost.

To summarize: the ratio between $D$ and $L$ is not affected by the pipe jamming; it’s just that it becomes more difficult to get them to move at all. Therefore, the mechanical advantage $M=D/L$ doesn’t change

I’m not sure that this is feasible, but you could confirm this by measuring the tensions at the winch and at the pipe individually.

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    $\begingroup$ We use a device to measure the tension in the cable actually. It's appropriately called a weight indicator. There is a portion of the cable that is static because after all the wraps on the blocks the line goes back up to the crown and down the side of the rig to a spool of extra cable. This is so we can change out the cable in intervals. You're answer shows a lot of consideration, thank you. I will mark this as the correct answer. $\endgroup$
    – Klik
    Jun 22, 2013 at 20:54
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A constraint on the load which prevents it from being lifted does not change the mechanical advantage of the machine. It just makes the load look more heavy, since the constraint supplies large amounts of opposite and equal force to keep the load in place, until it is overcome and the load gives way.

For example, in this diagram, the floating pulley is the basis for a mechanical advantage regardless of the load being bolted down. It will take half the force to break the bolts than by pulling directly.

enter image description here

It is not a general theorem that adding constraints to a system does not change the mechanical advantage.

Consider certain kinds of transmissions, such as automatic transmissions based on planet gears, where friction bands are used to constrain various shafts from being able to rotate relative to the casing. This has the effect of changing the gear ratio, thus the mechanical advantage.

Your boss's general intuition that constraining something might change the mechanical advantage is not wrong in general; it just does not apply in this case. Perhaps your boss has experience with another system where that was the case, like bicycle hub gears.

What's special here is that it is the load which is being constrained. Although this also constrains the floating pulley from moving, that pulley is tied to the load and effectively part of it. It is not some free part in the machine. It could be the case that certain kinds of pulleys which do not move with a load might be constrained, and this will change the machine.

For instance, in the following two diagrams, the difference is that the central pulley is constrained to the overhead support, versus to the load itself.

In this diagram, the mechanical advantage is four-fold:

enter image description here

But in this one, the advantage is the same as with one floating pulley: an extra pulley that is connected to the load is useless. The two cable supports pull with 2F each, but there is a 2F compressive stress in the pulley member, so the net is just 2F.

enter image description here

Therefore, we cannot simply dismiss the boss' overall intuition. Constraining pulleys from moving in various ways can make a difference. The boss is thinking about it too deeply, and not recognizing the simple case.

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    $\begingroup$ This is exactly what I was referring to and quite a good answer as you have included a diagram. Thanks for the input. $\endgroup$
    – Klik
    Jun 23, 2013 at 1:45
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    $\begingroup$ Pulleys can have significance in real life? Who knew? $\endgroup$
    – Eugene Seidel
    Jun 23, 2013 at 5:56
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You're right and your boss is wrong.

The weight indicator goes up because the draw works has to apply more force to free the stuck pipe, using the same mechanical advantage.

You now need to go to work place stack exchange and ask the question:

How can I explain to my boss that he's wrong in a diplomatic sort of way?

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    $\begingroup$ Hahahaha I like your answer for the consideration the politics involved. I think I will do that just to see what people might say. It is a big oversight since our drillers (the people who operate the winch on this thing) may significantly underestimate the pull on the pipe in the hole if they think they have lost mechanical advantage since it is stuck. $\endgroup$
    – Klik
    Jun 22, 2013 at 20:50
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    $\begingroup$ Actually someone recently asked that (and it was at the top of the 'hot questions' list): workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/12173 $\endgroup$
    – BlueRaja - Danny Pflughoeft
    Jun 23, 2013 at 1:19
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As a crane operator since 1972 I work a lot with pulleys blocks and you are a 100% right, looks like you are rig with 6 parts lines which multiplies by six the line pull of the winch.

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You are right. The simple way to understand mechanical advantage with pulleys is to count the number of ropes that "come out" of a particular block. With the same tension on each of the ropes, the total force is just the tension in each rope times the number of ropes.

Example (advantage of 1, 2, 3):

enter image description here

Whether the weight at the bottom is fixed or moving does NOT change the mechanical advantage (the balance of forces).

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To put it simple let's say the pipe is 1 ton and you have a 4 to 1 then your lifting 1/4 ton, if the pipe was 2 ton you would be lifting 1/2 ton, although heavier you still have a 4 to 1 pull so will need more power to lift it. So no matter the weight or strain it remains 4 to 1 advantage.

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