How to derive infinitesimal gauge transformations from constraints?

Question

I am reading some papers about quantizing the gravitational fields, for example, here, here, and here. Since the classical actions for gravitational fields are singular, they contain some constraints. I have no problem in finding these constraints.

In the ADM form, the primary constraints are $\pi_0=0$ and $\pi_i=0$. $\pi_0$ and $\pi_i$ are the canonical momenta conjugate to the lapse function $N$, and the shift vector $N^i$. Also, the spatial metric is approximated by $g_{ij}=\delta _{ij}+2\kappa \gamma_{ij}$. From the primary constraints we can have the secondary constraints, which are $$C_0=\partial^i \partial^j \gamma_{ij}-\partial^2 \gamma=0, $$ $$C_i=-2 \partial^j p_{ij}=0 $$ where $p_{ij}$ are the momenta conjugate to the metric $h_{ij}$.

The papers then read that the combination $$C(\lambda_0,\lambda_i)=\int d^3 x [\lambda_0 (x) C_0(x)+\lambda^i(x)C_i(x)] $$ generates the infinitesimal gauge transformations $$\delta \gamma_{ij}=\frac 1{2\kappa} (\partial_i \lambda_j +\partial_j \lambda_i) ,$$ $$ \delta p^{ij}=\frac 1 {2\kappa} (\delta^{ij} \partial^2 \lambda_0-\partial^i \partial^j \lambda_0) .$$

I have read some textbooks about constrained Hamiltonian. But I still could not understand how these infinitesimal gauge transformations are derived.

Looking for some hints.

Answer 1

Thanks to @Qmechanic and @ACuriousMind. I will try to answer this problem myself.

According to Dirac's conjecture, the first-class constraints $\Omega_A$ will lead to the following symmetry transformations, (neglecting the time parameters) $$\delta q^i=\epsilon^A \{q^i,\Omega_A\},~~ \delta p_i=\epsilon^A \{p_i,\Omega_A\}.$$

Also, since divergence terms vanish, the combination of constraints can be written as $$C(\lambda_0,\lambda_i)=\int d^3 x [\lambda_0 (x) C_0(x)+\lambda^i(x)C_i(x)] =\int d^3 x[\gamma_{ij}\partial^i \partial^j \lambda_0 -\delta^{ij}\gamma_{ij}\partial^2 \lambda_0 +2 p^{ij}\partial_j \lambda_i] .$$

(I am not very sure about the following step.) Then according to Dirac's conjecture, $$\delta g_{ij}=\{g_{ij}, \gamma_{ij}\partial^i \partial^j \lambda_0 -\delta^{ij}\gamma_{ij}\partial^2 \lambda_0 +2 p^{ij}\partial_j \lambda_i\} =2(\partial_j \lambda_i+\partial_i\partial_j)$$ and hence $\delta \gamma_{ij}=\frac 1 \kappa (\partial_j \lambda_i+\partial_i\partial_j). $ It differs from the above equation by a factor of $1/2$, which is not significant and can be absorbed into $\lambda_i$.

The same goes for $\delta p^{ij}$.

(I am not quite sure why I could throw the integral sign out.)