How can you interpret the Schrödinger equation? When you look at the abstract Schrödinger equation
$$i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}|\Psi\rangle=\hat H|\Psi\rangle$$
you can interpret it in two ways (I think) depending on what you consider known. It could either define how states evolve in time given that you know the Hamiltonian or it could define the Hamiltonian given that you know the time evolution of a state. So to put it in words, which of these two is more accurate?

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*We know the Hamiltonian, it is an operator that tells us about the energy content of a state. The Schrödinger equation then amazingly tells us that it also describes how states evolve in time.

*We know how states evolve in time. The Schrödinger equation tells us that this acts like a linear operator. We name this operator the Hamiltonian and interestingly this operator is related to energy.


EDIT: To clarify I'm not interested in the opinion-side of this question, I'm interested in how the Schrödinger equation is used in practice and what it tells us about the universe like @Andrew mentioned
 A: An equation doesn't tell you what is known or unknown. All an equation can do is tell you that two quantities, that could logically have been different, actually have the same value.
Having said that, it's possible to use the Schrodinger equation, plus other information, to determine the state or determine the Hamiltonian. In my experience, it's much more common and much easier to start from some known (or at least guessed) Hamiltonian and derive the states. In this case, the mathematical problem is to solve an eigenvalue problem for $H$.
In the other direction: at least in the stationary case, if $H=p^2/2m + V$, then going from stationary states back to inferring the potential is known as the inverse scattering problem, and is extremely difficult in general. A poetic name for this problem is "can you hear the shape of a drum"; in general the answer to the question is "no" in the sense that knowing the spectrum of an operator (ie, the frequencies of the eigenmodes) does not uniquely determine that operator. Having said that, people do learn interesting things by studying this problem; for example it is the basis of x-ray crystallography.
