While calculating the flux of a vector field through a region, we need to find the normal components of the vector field i.e perpendicular to the surface. Now I don't understand why we take the dot product between dA vector and vector field for that. Because dot product not only does projecting it into direction normal to the surface but also expand it by the length of the vector. My question simply is, why we take the dot product between dA and vector field as it not only does projecting but also expanding it? Why We shouldn't simply take the normal of a vector field in that direction? (Assume the vector field to be electric field)
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1$\begingroup$ The area element as a vector is just a unit normal vector $\hat{n}$ multiplied by $dA$, if you want just separate them out and it solves your issue. $\endgroup$– TriatticusMay 6, 2021 at 3:24
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A very good explanation is given in Electricity and Magnetism, Purcell, Section 4.1 Electric current and current density. The discussion is in the context of current density but gives the answer to OP's question.
Consider the figure shown below:
A swarm of charged particles all moving with the same velocity $u$. The frame has area a. The particles that will pass through the frame in the next $\Delta t$ seconds are those now contained in the oblique prism.
The prism has base area $a$ and altitude $u\Delta t\cos\theta $, hence it's volume is $au\Delta t\cos\theta$ or $\mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{u}\Delta t$
Considering the per unit time, total flux thus given by $$\Phi = nq\mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{u}\equiv I$$
answered May 6, 2021 at 4:35