Why have we assume that the there should be no acceleration in deriving the Electrostatic potential energy

Question

In the NCERT textbook grade 12, it is mentioned before deriving the work done in moving a charge $q$ from point $R$ to $P$ in presence of an electric field at Origin, $O$ by charge $Q$

Two remarks may be made here. First, we assume that the test charge q is so small that it does not disturb the original configuration, namely the charge Q at the origin (or else, we keep Q fixed at the origin by some unspecified force).

This makes sense for obvious reasons

Second, in bringing the charge q from $R$ to $P$, we apply an external force $F_{ext}$ just enough to counter the repulsive electric force $F_{ele.}$ (i.e, $F_{ext}$= –$F_{electric}$. This means there is no net force on or acceleration of the charge q when it is brought from $R$ to $P$, i.e., it is brought with infinitesimally slow constant speed. In this situation, work done by the external force is the negative of the work done by the electric force and gets fully stored in the form of the potential energy of the charge $q$.

I know how to derive the potential energy of a charge, but I can't understand why we have made this second assumption, that the externally applied force and the electrical forces have to be equal. Now coming to a thermodynamic derivation for work done in expanding/compressing volume keeping the pressure varying (i.e. in slow process)

here we use the same notion of $dW=F.ds$ which is converted to

$$dW= P_{ext}.dV$$

but this time we replaced $P_{ext}$ with $P_{int}+dP$. And so we get $$dW= (P_{int}+dP).dV$$

Why did we not add a similar $$F_{ext}=F_{electric}+dF$$

And so continue

$$dW= (F_{electric}+dF).ds$$

Note that both the cases mentioned are happening in infinitesimally slow speed if I am right, so why different treatment? The only possible explanation I can come up with is that one conservative force and another is not, but I couldn't build upon it.

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TLDR;

Why is there additional Pressure, $dP$ added in the thermodynamic derivation but no additional $dF$ added for the electrostatic derivation?

Answer 1

Although the second assumption is typically written that way, it is not necessary that the external force always equal the the force of the electric field between R and P. Just like it is not necessary that an external force to always equal the gravitational force when raising an object from point A to point B..

It is only necessary that the change in kinetic energy of the charge or object when moved between the two points is zero. From the work energy theorem that means the net work done on the charge is zero. The overall negative work done by the field equals the overall positive work one by the external force.

For example, the external force on the charge or object can be greater than the force of the electric field or force of gravity initially accelerating the charge or object increasing its kinetic energy, as long as the external force is subsequently lowered to less than the force of the field decelerating the charge or object to decrease the kinetic energy the same amount when it reaches the final point. Then the overall change in kinetic energy between the points is zero. All the work done by the external force is then stored as potential energy.

Hope this helps.