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Let $\psi_\vec{0}^+$ be a Dirac wavefunction describing a motionless particle,

$$\psi_\vec{0}^+(x) = \sqrt{2m} \begin{pmatrix} \chi \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} e^{ip \cdot x}$$

where $p = (m, \vec{0})$. Acted by a Lorentz boost, say, in the $\vec{x}$ direction, I want to show that

$$\psi_\vec{0}^+(x) \to u(\vec{q})e^{iq\cdot x}$$

where $q = (E_\vec{q},\vec{q})$.

My attempt

I used the usual procedure to transform Dirac spinors:

$$\psi_\vec{0}^{'+}(x) = U_{\delta_x} \psi_\vec{0}^+(x) = S(\delta_x) \psi_\vec{0}^+(\Lambda^{-1}x)$$

where $\delta_x$ is the rapidity. Since $p \cdot \Lambda^{-1} x = \Lambda^{-1}p \cdot x$,

$$\Lambda^{-1}p = \begin{pmatrix} \cosh(\delta_x) & \sinh(\delta_x) \\ \sinh(\delta_x) & \cosh(\delta_x) \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} m \\ \vec{0} \end{pmatrix}$$

At last, it remains to transform the Dirac spinor, $u(\vec{p})$. Using $S(\delta_x) = e^{\frac{i}{4}\omega_{\mu \nu} \sigma^{\mu \nu}}$ we get

$$ S(\delta_x) = e^{\frac{\delta_x}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \sigma_x \\ \sigma_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}}$$

My problem is in simplifying this exponential. According to Peskin & Schroeder, this should yield something with $\cosh(\delta_x)$ and $\sinh(\delta_x)$, but I can't see how!

Edit: There was a 4 factor which was wrong, as @G. Smith stated.

Edit 2: There was vector column missing in $\Lambda^{-1}p$ .

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    $\begingroup$ My problem is in simplifying this exponential. A matrix exponential is defined by its Taylor series, which you need to compute. $\endgroup$
    – G. Smith
    Mar 2, 2021 at 21:12
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    $\begingroup$ Have you computed the square of the matrix with the $\sigma_x$ matrices? Once you have done this the computation should be easy. $\endgroup$
    – mike stone
    Mar 2, 2021 at 21:34
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    $\begingroup$ I would double-check that 4 in the denominator. I think it may be 2 instead. $\endgroup$
    – G. Smith
    Mar 2, 2021 at 21:44
  • $\begingroup$ If you are using the chiral representation of the $\gamma$-matrices (as Peskin and Schroeder do), then your initial expression does not describe a stationary particle in the first place. $\endgroup$
    – Buzz
    Mar 3, 2021 at 2:18

1 Answer 1

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Thanks to @G. Smith and @mike stone, I've come to a solution.

Expanding in Taylor Series,

$$ S(\delta_x) = e^{\frac{\delta_x}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \sigma_x \\ \sigma_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\delta_x/2)^n}{n!}\begin{pmatrix} 0 & \sigma_x \\ \sigma_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}^n$$

Grouping odd and even terms,

$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\delta_x/2)^n}{n!}\begin{pmatrix} 0 & \sigma_x \\ \sigma_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}^n = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\delta_x/2)^{2n}}{(2n)!}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\delta_x/2)^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}\begin{pmatrix} 0 & \sigma_x \\ \sigma_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

Recalling the Taylor Series Expansion for cosh($x$) and sinh($x$) we get

$$ S(\delta_x) = \text{cosh}(\delta_x/2) + \text{sinh}(\delta_x/2) \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \sigma_x \\ \sigma_x & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

We can now apply S($\delta_x$) to u($\vec{p}$):

$$ S(\delta_x)u(\vec{p}) = \sqrt{2m} \begin{pmatrix} \cosh(\delta_x/2) & \sigma_x \sinh(\delta_x/2)\\ \sigma_x \sinh(\delta_x/2) & \cosh(\delta_x/2) \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \chi \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \sqrt{2m}\begin{pmatrix} \cosh(\delta_x/2)\chi \\ \sigma_x \sinh(\delta_x/2) \chi \end{pmatrix}$$

Since $E_\vec{q} = m \cosh(\delta_x)$ and $\vec{q} = m \sinh(\delta_x) \vec{e_i}$ and using

$$\cosh(\delta_x/2) = \sqrt{\frac{\cosh(\delta_x)+1}{2}}$$

$$\tanh(\delta_x/2) = \frac{\sinh(\delta_x)}{\cosh(\delta_x)+1}$$

we get

$$u(\vec{q}) = \sqrt{E_\vec{q}+m} \begin{pmatrix} \chi \\ \frac{\vec{\sigma} \cdot \vec{q}}{E_\vec{q}+m} \chi \end{pmatrix}$$

as we wanted!

Edit: There was a $\sigma_x$ missing, as @G. Smith kindly pointed.

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    $\begingroup$ You seem to be missing a $\sigma_x$ on the bottom of the right of the 4th line of math. $\endgroup$
    – G. Smith
    Mar 3, 2021 at 18:17

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