# Toilet paper dilemma

There are two ways to orient the toilet paper: "over" (left image), "under" (right image).

Each has it's pros and cons. For some reason, it's always easier to tear off the paper in the "over" orientation even though we apply the same force thus same torque. I assume these rolls are almost perfect cylinders (no excess of mass in one orientation compared to other) thus they have the same moment of inertia (degree of difficulty on changing the angular velocity of the object around the longitudinal axis of the roll) therefore both ways should be equivalently easy but it's not.

Conjectures

• Me finding it easier to tear off the paper in "over" orientation doesn't really mean that it is, my perceptions might be deluding me. That's why I checked the statistics and most people seem to agree with me.

• It's due to the orientation of my hand: I can grab the paper better in "over" orientation, hence I can apply a uniformly distributed force which makes the paper to be torn off easier compared to "under" orientation.

• People finding "over" orientation easier are mostly right-handed people ($$70\%$$) and, those who find "under" orientation easier are mostly left-handed people ($$30\%$$). If this were the case, it may be the explanation for the results seen in a survey of Cottonelle in $$1999$$, which states that $$68\%$$ of the respondents prefer "over" orientation over $$25\%$$ "under" orientation.

I wonder if any of these above conjectures are true or if there's a more physical explanation why it's easier to tear off the toilet paper in "over" orientation compared to "under".

• @J... the questions asks "why is 'over' easier to tear", which is a physics problem Feb 21, 2021 at 12:14
• There's even a whole wikipedia article on this.
– J...
Feb 21, 2021 at 12:24
• The version on the left has been called "catwise" and the version on the right "counter-catwise." Feb 21, 2021 at 18:30
• I think we can all agree that these damn things with the paper rolling axis perpendicular to the wall - hence the paper is neither towards the wall or away from it - are abominations and should not be allowed! (Plus they invariably tear your knuckles due to the absurd razor-sharp cutting blades that the malicious manufacturers attach in order to deter use so as to better sell them as "economical" ...) Feb 21, 2021 at 19:13
• Some comments cleaned up. Those which remain justify that the question is on-topic and provide related links and technical vocabulary. Let’s try not to let this thing spin out of control.
– rob
Feb 23, 2021 at 2:15

I'll propose a theory, and I'll describe an experiment I did to test it. Both suggest that the "over" configuration is better, at least if the goal is to make the squares easier to rip off with one hand without making the roll spin out of control.

Please don't use this post as ammunition to defend a preference.

As rightly emphasized in several good comments (moved to chat), the specific issue addressed in this answer is not the only issue or even the most important one, and it assumes specific conditions that probably don't represent most real-world situations. I only posted it because I thought the experimental results were amusing. After seeing how much attention this answer has been getting, I decided to add this terms-of-use clause in case the answer's lighthearted intent wasn't already clear from the writing style. :)

## Toilet paper physics: theory

The diameter of the cylindrical hole in the toilet paper is larger than the diameter of the axle on which it rotates, as illustrated in the pictures below. So when the toilet paper is at rest, only the top of the hole is in contact with the axle. The bottom and sides of the hole are not in contact with the axle.

That matters because when the toilet paper is in the "over" configuration, you can tear off a square by yanking it straight down. Since the top of the hole is already in contact with the axle, the roll's resistance to the yank is immediate, and the square rips off easily.

In contrast, when the toilet paper is in the "under" position, the loose square is hanging close to the wall. In that case, yanking straight down is hard to do without scraping your hand against the wall. We can get around that by yanking at an angle (or horizontally) instead, but then the roll's resistance is not so immediate because the opposite side of the hole is not in contact with the axle when the yank begins. The roll must move laterally to bring the opposite side of the hole into contact with the axle. That delays the rip and increases the tendency for the roll to spin, which tends to wind the paper up around the roll in addition to (or instead of!) ripping it off.

## Toilet paper physics: experiment

I tested this by removing the axle from the fixture and holding it in one hand while using the other hand to yank on the loose end of the paper. I tried all combinations of the following options:

• Hold the axle with the left hand and yank with the right, or hold the axle with the right hand and yank with the left.

• Hold the roll in the "under" configuration, with the paper hanging on the opposite side from the hand I used to yank the square, or hold the roll in the "over" configuration, with the paper hanging on the same side as the hand I used to yank the square.

• Yank straight down, or yank at a near-horizontal angle. In both cases, the angled yank was toward the side with the hand I used to yank (toward the left when yanking with my left hand, and toward the right when yanking with my right hand). In the "under" configuration, this meant yanking toward the opposite side from the side on which the paper was hanging. In the "over" configuration, this meant yanking toward the same side from the side on which the paper was hanging.

Here are the results:

• Didn't matter which hand I used to hold the axle or yank the paper, even though I'm not ambidextrous.

• In both the "over" and "under" configurations, yanking straight down almost always ripped off the square without spinning the roll significantly at all. (I tried a few times in each configuration, and there were only a couple of exceptions overall.)

• In the "over" configuration, yanking at an angle still almost always ripped of the square without spinning the roll significantly, and the number or exceptions was only slightly greater than when yanking straight down.

• In the "under" configuration, yanking at an angle almost always made the roll spin at least one full revolution, unwinding much more paper than intended, and it often failed to separate the square at all.

Here's a graphic summary:

These results seem mostly consistent with the theory described above, and they suggest a refinement. When yanking at an angle in the "over" configuration, the straight segment of the toilet paper is tangent to the upper part of the roll before the yank, close to the point where the hole is resting on the axle. When yanking at an angle in the "under" configuration, the straight segment of the toilet paper is tangent to the lower part of the roll before the yank, far from the point where the hole is resting on the axle. As a result of the longer lever-arm, yanking at an angle in the "under" configuration applies a larger torque (hence a stronger tendency to spin the roll) compared to yanking at an angle in the "over" configuration, as observed in the experiment.

## Other things to try

• What if the roll's hole fits snugly onto the axle, so the hole is in contact with the axle around its whole circumference? The theory predicts that this should eliminate the differences between the "over" and "under" configurations. I didn't test this.

• I always tried to yank the square orthogonal to the perforated line. I didn't try oblique yanks, to make the rip propagate more gradually from one side of the perforated line to the other.

• The proposed theory doesn't explain the correlation with right- and left-handedness cited in the question.

• This answer only considered one goal: ease of removing a square with one hand without causing the roll to spin out of control. Different goals might be better served by different configurations.

## Disclosure of conflict of interest

I've always preferred the "over" configuration. I tried to conduct the tests fairly, because I really was curious, but I suppose my prior preference could have had some subconscious influence on how I did the tests.

• Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.
– Chris
Feb 23, 2021 at 9:58
• When I tear a sheet off a roll the friction is insignificant and the main factor is the roll's inertia. Feb 23, 2021 at 14:45
• If the roll is resting against the wall, yanking will increase its pressure against the wall in the upper configuration, and decrease it in the lower configuration. The friction of the wall would then play a significant role in controlling the spin. Feb 23, 2021 at 17:07
• The curse of Physics.SE: so many comprehensive QFT answers, but it's the one about pulling toilet paper they'll remember you for! (I have a similar one about shaking a baby rattle.) Mar 1, 2021 at 4:30

I don't think I need to explain the physics of tearing something but there are two givens:

1. closer you are (the pivot) to the tear point the easier - so you want your hand as close as possible to the roll.

2. the faster your tear the easier the toilet paper will rip. So the faster you do it the better.

Given that if you have the toilet paper under (for righties or lefties) your hand will be further from the pivot and you will not be able to tear as fast.

The under presents someone with having no flexibility in allowing a one hand tear. This is surely where magazines get dropped on the floor and cell phones broken.

Applying the same force doesn't at all have the same result.

What we might term the "restraining" hand applies pressure to roughly the same central point on top.

By contrast the "pulling" hand works almost straight down in the "over" scenario and at a very different angle when "under."

The hugely different result will be largely proportional to the angles…

What is often missed in such debates, is that a commercial toilet paper suspension usually looks like in the image below. The metal lid on the top actually serves to prevent the roll from rotating, while one is tearing the paper.

In absence of such a lid, one has to block the roll either by one's hand/fingures (typically in the over orientation) or against the wall (more suitable for the under orientation).

The thing that makes the 'over' position preferable over the 'under' position is the difference in force applied to either pull down more squares or to rip the selected number of squares off.

If that difference is very big, the operation becomes more complicated.

In the 'over' position, pulling the paper straight down will allow more squares to come off the roll without ripping the paper, whereas almost the same force applied on one side of the paper will rip it off without pulling more squares off the roll. This is due to the fact that in the 'over' position, pulling down the paper generates friction between the roll and the wall it hangs from.

In the under' position pulling the paper straight down will allow more squares to come off the roll very easily, since it does not generate any friction.However, in order to rip the paper off, one has to actually yank it pretty fast to make the paper tear, before the momentum is reached that makes the roll spin like mad and release an ever increasing number of unwanted squares to end as serpentine on the bathroom floor.

Thus we can conclude that the 'over' position generally allows for a one handed operation, whereas the 'under' position forces the use of two hands to prevent things from getting 'party-like'.

This is where it abruptly stops being just funny and becomes dead serious !!

The 'over' position does not only allow for one hand operation, it also ensures that the user ONLY touches the squares he or she uses. In the 'under' position, this for reasons mentioned above is not the case, making the 'over' position considerably more hygienic. In times of the Corona pandemic, that makes a significant difference.

A study performed by the university of Vienna attempted to find an explanation for the fact that while way more women get infected with the virus, their death rate is considerably lower than that of men. Whilst processing the data available, it was noticed that these differences were not consistent through the population, but primarily concerned employed women. Though no conclusive evidence was found, this difference suggests women having an increased chance to get infected due to their use of toilet paper after peeing, risking infection through their genitals, rather than through their respiratory system. Though this increases the chance of getting infected, it decreases the mortality. The disease doing most damage in the lungs, infection through genital contact gives the body a chance to start defending itself against the virus long before it even reaches the respiratory system.

PLEASE NOTE !! The resulting death rate is still way too high to ever consider intentional infection through the genitals as a preventive therapy. It is still better to just not get infected at all.

Considering this, using the 'over' position may very well save lives.