Can two or more fermions be in the same mode? I have always thought that only one fermion can occupy the same mode of Fock state. If two fermions are lying on the Fermi surface, it means that they have the same momentum. Doesn´t it mean that they are occupying the same mode if they have the same momentum? So my question is: Can two or more fermions be in the same mode?
 A: The story about fermions not being allowed to be in the same mode is a consequence of the algebra their creation and annihilation operators obey. Suppose that $a(\mathbf{p},\sigma,n)$ and $a^\dagger(\mathbf{p},\sigma,n)$ are annihilation and creation operators associated to fermions with momentum $\mathbf{p}$, spin/helicity $\sigma$ and species $n$. The species index includes, for example, possible internal symmetry quantum numbers, like color.
In that case we have $$\{a(\mathbf{p},\sigma,n),a^\dagger(\mathbf{p}',\sigma',n')\}=\delta_{\sigma\sigma'}\delta_{nn'}\delta^{(3)}(\mathbf{p}-\mathbf{p}')\\\{a^\dagger(\mathbf{p},\sigma,n),a^\dagger(\mathbf{p}',\sigma',n')\}=0,\quad \{a(\mathbf{p},\sigma,n),a(\mathbf{p}',\sigma',n')\}=0,\tag{1}$$
Now let $|\psi\rangle$ be an arbitrary state. Then you have, from the first equality in the second line $$a^\dagger(\mathbf{p},\sigma,n)a^\dagger(\mathbf{p'},\sigma',n')|\psi\rangle=-a^\dagger(\mathbf{p}',\sigma',n')a^\dagger(\mathbf{p},\sigma,n)|\psi\rangle\tag{2}.$$
In particular if we have added two fermions with all quantum numbers exactly equal then (2) demands the resulting state to vanish because you'll have a state vector which is equal to minus itself.
The point is that this only works if all quantum numbers are exactly equal. So you may have two fermions with the same momentum magnitude, but with distinct momentum direction. You can have two fermions with same momentum vector, but distinct spin/helicity. And if you have additional quantum numbers you can have two fermions with same momentum vector, same spin/helicity, but differing in some other quantum numbers.
What you won't have (simply because the algebra forces the state to vanish) is two fermions with all quantum numbers equal to one another.
