Understanding some experiments based on the Stern-Gerlach experiment

Question

In the Stern-Gerlach experiment silver atoms with random magnetic moment direction are fired through a magnetic field $\vec{B}$ parallel to $\hat{z}$ with a nonzero gradient $(\nabla \vec{B})$ also parallel to $\hat{z}$. The classical interpretation was that the trajectory of the silver atoms will curve proportionally to their magnetic moment, which was found to be incorrect as only two opposite points on the screen were recorded.

The following picture presents two subsequent experiments based on the original Stern-Gerlach experiment

Questions

So in the first experiment $(\text{b})$ after the particles in the state $S_{z} = \hbar/2$ enter the Stern-Gerlach experiment with magnetic field in $\hat{x}$ direction (SGx) I'm trying to understand what was the classical expectation? Was it that no particles would appear on the screen since they're all polarized in the $\hat{z}$ direction ?

Moreover in experiment $(\text{c})$, what are the direct implications and how does it differ from the previous experiment?

Answer 1

Regarding the apparatus (b), you are correct that the "classically" expected result would be a roughly even distribution of measurements in a spectrum between $S_z=+\hbar/2$ and $S_z=-\hbar/2$. The surprising result is that the the particles exiting the $SGz$ apparatus have exactly two distinct beams, one with $S_z=+\hbar/2$ and one with $S_z=-\hbar/2$, nothing in between.

If we were to take the classically expected result and then take the beam of particles with $S_z=+\hbar/2$ and pass them through the $SGx$ apparatus we would expect the resulting beam to have no magnetic moment in the $x-$direction, since we've just taken those particles whose magnetic moment is aligned with the $z-$direction. However this isn't what we see, we once again end up with a 50/50 split between $S_x=+\hbar/2$ and $S_x=+\hbar/2$.

What's even stranger, as pointed out in diagram (c), is that if we then take the beam with $S_x=+\hbar/2$ and pass it back through a second $SGz$ apparatus, we find two distinct beams with $S_z=+\hbar/2$ and $S_z=-\hbar/2$. Even though you can see we had already earlier measured $S_z$ and filtered out those particles with $S_z=-\hbar/2$.

So to summarise, the unexpected results from the Stern-Gerlach experiment are:

1. When we measure the component of the magnetic moment along some direction, we only ever measure one of two values.

2. That once we've measured $S_z$, if we then measure $S_x$ and then repeat our measurement of $S_z$ we aren't guaranteed to get the same value as we did the first time.

This second point illustrates that measurement somehow "disturbs" the system. Technically, what is happening is that when we measure $\hat S_z$ we find the system in an eigenstate of the $\hat S_z$ operator, when we measure $\hat S_x$ we find the system in an eigenstate of the $\hat S_x$ operator. However, since $\hat S_z$ and $\hat S_x$ do not commute: $$[\hat S_z,\hat S_x]\neq 0,$$ an eigenstate of $\hat S_z$ cannot simultaneously be an eigenstate of $\hat S_x$. They are so-called "incompatible observables".